Abstract
The stabilization/solidification (S/S) method is one of the most effective remediation techniques for treating contaminated soils. Several stabilizers, mostly the cementitious materials, have been used for the S/S treatment. In this paper, the feasibility of utilizing fuel fly ash (FFA) as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) for the S/S treatment of marl soil contaminated with heavy metals was investigated. Two industrial waste materials, namely steel and electroplating wastes, were used to synthetically contaminate the marl soil. The stabilizers comprising of OPC and FFA were mixed with the contaminated soil at different dosages ranging from 10 to 40%, by mass, and a total of 48 S/S-treated soil mixtures were prepared. A series of experiments, including density, porosity, permeability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), were carried out on the soil mixtures to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed S/S treatment. Test results showed that the incorporation of FFA at higher volumes reduced the density and increased the porosity and permeability of the treated mixtures. Although FFA addition resulted in reducing the UCS values by an average of 46%, and this reduction was more significant at higher FFA percentages, the UCS values of all mixtures were more than 0.35 MPa (350 kPa), which passed the minimum requirements set by USEPA. In addition, the metal immobilization ability of the proposed treatment was confirmed by the TCLP analysis. As compared to the negative effect of the contamination of the soil by the electroplating waste, the contamination of the soil by steel waste had a higher negative effect. The results of this study would contribute in selecting an environment-friendly treatment of the contaminated soils using industrial waste materials, such as FFA, as a partial replacement of OPC. Nevertheless, the present study is an initial attempt to explore the possibility of utilizing FFA as a partial replacement of OPC in S/S treatment of marl soil contaminated with heavy metals. It is recommended to conduct another study in future including analysis of the treated soil mixtures using XRD, SEM, and FTIR techniques to better understand the stabilization/solidification mechanism and its implications on the test results.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the support provided by the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and IRC-CBM at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Shamsad Ahmad, Ashraf A. Bahraq, and Hammad R. Khalid. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Lateef Olawale Alamutu and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ahmad, S., Bahraq, A.A., Khalid, H.R. et al. Stabilization/solidification of heavy metal-contaminated marl soil using a binary system of cement and fuel fly ash. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1557 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12176-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12176-8