Abstract
In the proposed article, the design of a flower-shaped reconfigurable graphene-based THz microstrip patch antenna is presented. The cross-shaped slot in the center of the antenna promises the realization of circular polarization. The configuration of the structure is considered in such a way that each component of the body has the ability to realize a different behavior for the far-field due to the changes in the chemical potential values and in fact the Fermi energy. In fact, an antenna with the ability to switch between right-handed circular polarization and left-handed circular polarization has been proposed in the THz frequency band. According to the design, the resonance frequency is located at 0.77 THz. The main purpose is polarization adjusting through chemical potential changes. At the same time, the physical structure of the antenna remains fixed and intact. Next, an antenna with a suitable matching range of 0.6 THz through 0.95 THz has been achieved. It is possible to control its polarization in two circular polarization modes, right-handed and left-handed. Suitable axial ratio is about 3 dB, which is obtained in the range of 0.62 THz through 0.64 THz. The addition of layered patches has enabled polarization switching. The output of S11 is less than − 10 dB in the range of 0.6 THz through 0.95 THz. which represents the optimal matching. And, the outputs of radiation efficiency, far-field directivity radiation pattern, 2D and 3D radiation patterns, E-field distribution, surface current distribution H-field distribution, and current density distribution have been reflected.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Code availability
My submission has no associated data and code. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Varshney, G., Verma, A., Pandey, V. S., Yaduvanshi, R. S., & Bala, R. (2018). A proximity coupleld wideband graphene antenna with the generation of higher order TM modes for THz application. Optical Materials, 85, 456–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2018.09.015
Varshney, G., Gotra, S., Pandey, V. S., & Yaduvanshi, R. S. (2019). Proximity-coupled two-port multi-input-multi-output graphene antenna with pattern diversity for THz applications. Nano Communication Networks, 21, 100246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2019.05.003
Varshney, G., Gotra, S., Pandey, V. S., & Yaduvanshi, R. S. (2019). Proximity-coupled graphene-patch-based tunable single-/dual-band notch filter for THz applications. Journal of Electronic Materials, 48(8), 4818–4829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07274-8
Jafari Chashmi, M., Rezaei, P., & Kiani, N. (2019). Reconfigurable graphene-based V-shaped dipole antenna: from quasi-isotropic to directional radiation pattern. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron. Opt., 184, 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.04.125
Varshney, G. (2020). Reconfigurable graphene antenna for THz applications: A mode conversion approach. Nanotechnology, 31, 135208. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab60cc
Varshney, G., Debnath, S., & Sharma, A. K. (2020). Tunable circularly polarized graphene antenna for THz applications. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron. Opt., 223, 165412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165412
Sharma, T., Varshney, G., Yaduvanshi, R. S., & Vashishath, M. (2020). Obtaining the tunable band-notch in ultrawideband THz antenna using graphene nanoribbons. Opt. Engin., 59(4), 047103. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.59.4.047103
Kiani, N., Tavakol, H. F., Rezaei, P., Jafari, C. M., & Danaie, M. (2020). Polarization controlling approach in reconfigurable microstrip graphene-based antenna. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron. Opt., 203, 163942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163942
Jafari, C. M., Rezaei, P., & Kiani, N. (2020). Polarization controlling of multi resonant graphene-based microstrip antenna. Plasmonics, 15(2), 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-019-01044-2
Jafari Chashmi, M., Rezaei, P., & Kiani, N. (2020). Y-shaped graphene-based antenna with switchable circular polarization. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron. Opt., 200, 163321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163321
Kiani, N., Tavakol, H. F., & Rezaei, P. (2021). Polarization controlling plan in graphene-based reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron. Opt., 244, 167595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167595
Varshney, G. (2021). Tunable terahertz dielectric resonator antenna. SILICON, 13, 1907–1915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00577-0
Kiani, N., Tavakol, H. F., & Rezaei, P. (2021). Polarization controlling method in reconfigurable graphene-based patch four-leaf clover-shaped antenna. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron. Opt., 231, 166454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166454
Ali, M. F., Bhattacharya, R., & Varshney, G. (2021). Graphene-based tunable terahertz self-diplexing/MIMO-STAR antenna with pattern diversity. Nano Communication Networks, 30, 100378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2021.100378
Da, P., & Varshney, G. (2021). Analysis of tunable THz antennas integrated with polarization insensitive frequency selective surfaces. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03320-0
Kiani, N., Tavakol, H. F., & Rezaei, P. (2021). Polarization controlling idea in graphene-based patch antenna. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron. Opt., 239, 166795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166795
Vishwanath, G., Sahana, B. C., & Varshney, G. (2022). Tunable terahertz dual-band circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron. Opt., 253, 168578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168578
Ibrahim, A. A., Zahra, H., Abbas, S. M., Ahmed, M. I., Varshney, G., Mukhopadhyay, S., & Mahmoud, A. (2022). Compact four-port circularly polarized MIMO X-band DRA. Sensors, 22(12), 4461. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124461
Kiani, N., Tavakol, H. F., & Rezaei, P. (2022). Realization of polarization adjusting in reconfigurable graphene-based microstrip antenna by adding leaf-shaped patch. Micr. Na., 168, 207322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micrna.2022.207322
Kumar, D., Kumar, V., Subhash, Y. A., Giri, P., & Varshney, G. (2022). Tuning the higher to lower order resonance frequency ratio and implementing the tunable THz MIMO/self-diplexing antenna. Nano Communication Networks, 34, 100419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2022.100419
Kumar, D., Kumar, K. S., Giri, P., & Varshney, G. (2022). Terahertz ultra-wideband antenna with tunable band-notch creation using resonant/non-resonant graphene loop. Optical Engineering, 61(10), 107106. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.61.10.107106
Kiani, N., Tavakol, H. F., & Rezaei, P. (2022). Implementation of a reconfigurable miniaturized graphene-based SIW antenna for THz applications. Micro and Nanostructures, 169, 207365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micrna.2022.207365
Vasu, B. K., Das, S., Varshney, G., Sree, G. N. J., & Madhav, B. D. P. (2022). A micro-scaled graphene-based tree-shaped wideband printed MIMO antenna for terahertz applications. Journal of Computational Electronics, 21, 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-021-01831-3
Ali, M. F., Bhattacharya, R., & Varshney, G. (2022). Tunable four-port MIMO/self-multiplexing THz graphene patch antenna with high isolation. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04200-x
Kumar, D., Sharma, A., Arora, A., Giri, P., & Varshney, G. (2022). Terahertz antenna with tunable filtering characteristics. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04281
Da, P., & Varshney, G. (2022). Gain enhancement of dual-band terahertz antenna using reflection-based frequency selective surfaces. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03548-4
Sharma, T., Varshney, G., Yaduvanshi, R. S., & Vashishath, M. (2022). Modified Koch borderline monopole antenna for THz regime. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03687-8
Zhou, F., & Wen, H. (2021). Performance analysis and optimization of TM/TE independent graphene ring modulator. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03080-x
Moradiani, F., Seifouri, M., Abedi, K., & Geran, G. F. (2021). High extinction ratio all-optical modulator using a vanadium-dioxide integrated hybrid plasmonic waveguide. Plasmonics, 16, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01276-7
Rezazadeh, A., & Soheilifar, M. R. (2021). THz absorber for breast cancer early detection based on graphene as multi-layer structure. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03198-y
Ahmad, H., & Thandavan, T. M. K. (2017). Characterization of graphene oxide/silicon dioxide/p-type silicon heterojunction photodetector towards infrared 974 nm illumination. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-017-1218-x
Billaha, M. A., & Das, M. K. (2021). Transient response analysis of quantum well infrared photodetector. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03113-5
Yang, B., & Chen, J. (2021). The analysis of the capacitance of p-InAlAs/i-InGaAs/n-InAlAs infrared photodetector. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-02919-7
Kiani, N., & Afsahi, M. (2019). Design and fabrication of a compact SIW diplexer in C-band. Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE), 15(2), 189–194.
Alizadeh, S., Zareian-Jahromi, E., & Mashayekhi, V. (2022). A tunable graphene-based refractive index sensor for THz bio-sensing applications. Optical and Quantum Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03434-5
Moradi, K., & Karimi, P. (2022). An enhanced gain of frequency and polarization reconfigurable graphene antenna in terahertz regime. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2022.154463
An, S., Xu, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, S., Jiang, J., He, Y., & Miao, L. (2017). Design of a polarization-insensitive wideband tunable metamaterial absorber based on split semi-circle ring resonators. Journal of Applied Physics. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4993717
Wu, S., Zhang, Y., Cui, X., Zhang, J., Xu, P., & Ji, X. (2023). Generation of dual-polarization orbital angular momentum vortex beams with reflection-type metasurface. Optics Communications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2023.130107
Wu, S. (2022). Control of polarization orientation angle of scattered light based on metasurfaces:− 90° to+ 90° linear variation. Materials, 15(6), 2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062076
Wu, S. (2022). Design of metasurface-based polarization modulators by using Smith chart method. Optics Communication, 516, 128230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2022.128230
Wu, S. (2022). Physical insight into the terahertz polarization modulator by using Smith chart. Physics Letters A, 440, 128143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2022.128143
Computer Simulation Technology (CST), CST Microwave Studio Ver. 2015. www.cst.com
Hanson, G. W. (2008). Dyadic green’s functions and guided surface waves for a surface conductivity model of graphene. Journal of Applied Physics, 103(6), 064302-1–064302-8. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2891452
Slepyan, G. Y., Maksimenko, S. A., Lakhtakia, A., Yevtushenko, O., & Gusakov, A. V. (1999). Electrodynamics of carbon nanotubes: Dynamic conductivity, impedance boundary conditions, and surface wave propagation. Physical Review B, 60, 17136. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.60.17136
Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Katsnelson, M. I., Grigorieva, I. V., Dubonos, S. V., & Firsov, A. A. (2005). Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature, 438(7065), 197–200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04233
Ryzhii, V., Satou, A., & Otsuji, T. (2007). Plasma waves in two-dimensional electron-hole system in gated graphene heterostructures. Journal of Applied Physics, 101(2), 4509. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2426904
Hanson, G. W. (2008). Dyadic Green’s functions for an anisotropic, non-local model of biased graphene. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 56(3), 747–757. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2008.917005
Falkovsky, L. A. (2007). Unusual field and temperature dependence of the Hall effect in graphene. Physical Review B, 75(3), 3409. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.033409
Gómez-Díaz, J. S., Esquius-Morote, M., & Perruisseau-Carrier, J. (2013). Plane wave excitation-detection of non-resonant plasmons along finite-width graphene strips. Optics Express, 21(21), 24856–24872. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.024856
Gusynin, V. P., Sharapov, S. G., & Charlotte, J. P. (2007). Magneto-optical conductivity in graphene. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 19(2), 026222. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/2/026222
Wibbeler, J., Pfeifer, G., & Hietschold, M. (1998). Parasitic charging of dielectric surfaces in capacitive microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Sense. Actuators A Phys., 71(1–2), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-4247(98)00155-1
Thampy, A. S., Darak, M. S., & Dhamodharan, S. K. (2015). Analysis of graphene based optically transparent patch antenna for terahertz communications. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 66, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2014.09.023
Amn-e-Elahi, A., & Rezaei, P. (2020). SIW corporate-feed network for circular polarization slot array antenna. Wireless Personal Communications, 111, 2129–2136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06975-x
Moradi, K., Pourizad, A., & Nikmehr, S. (2022). An efficient graphene-based reconfigurable Terahertz ring antenna design. AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 149, 154177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2022.154177
Amn-e-Elahi, A., Rezaei, P., Karami, F., Hyjazie, F., & Boutayeb, H. (2022). Analysis and design of a stacked PCBs-based quasi-helix antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2022.3209197
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Semnan University.
Funding
No funding was received for this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, and Writing–original draft, review & editing: NK. Supervision, Project administration: FTH. Supervision, Project administration: PR.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval
We the undersigned declare that the manuscript entitled “Switchable circular polarization in flower-shaped reconfigurable graphene-based THz microstrip patch antenna” is original, has not been fully or partly published before, and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. Also, results are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.
Consent for publication
All authors declare that they participate in the study and in the development of this manuscript. All authors have read final version and give consent for the article to be published.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kiani, N., Tavakkol Hamedani, F. & Rezaei, P. Switchable circular polarization in flower-shaped reconfigurable graphene-based THz microstrip patch antenna. Analog Integr Circ Sig Process 118, 259–270 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-023-02215-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-023-02215-2