Abstract
Diverse evolutionary forces have promoted the great diversity of vocal behaviour found in birds. The description of such behaviour is crucial for understanding both selective and non-selective pressures sha** acoustic signals in birds and their role in ecological and evolutionary processes. Here, we describe the vocal behaviour of the Sclater’s Wren (Campylorhynchus rufinucha humilis), a songbird species that lives in Neotropical dry forests. Using active and passive acoustic monitoring, we quantified sex-specific solo song repertoires, described the acoustic structural characteristics of the songs, assessed vocal activity during the dawn chorus including calls, solo songs, duets and sex contribution to duet formation, and tested whether the degree of song sharing varied with geographical distance between neighbouring territories. Our results based on 24 pairs suggest that Sclater’s Wrens have sexually dimorphic songs, and that both females and males combine their songs to produce duets. Most duets are initiated by males and answered by females. Females have only one song type in their repertoire, while males have multiple song types with a finite repertoire size of 49.7 ± 8.8 (calculated with simple enumeration; n = 8) or 55.4 ± 16.1 (calculated with the capture–recapture technique; n = 19) song types on average per bird. The vocal activity during the morning resembles the pattern of dawn chorus, although individuals usually start vocalising after sunrise, with both sexes contributing to the vocal activity during the morning. We also found that the number of songs that two males share decreases as geographic distance increases between territories, suggesting that males learn their songs from their parents or neighbouring tutors, a learned behaviour important in intra-sexual interactions. Our study adds to the accounts of Neotropical bird species that have detailed vocal descriptions and will facilitate comparisons with other taxonomic groups within the Rufous-naped Wren complex, shedding light on taxonomic disputes.
Zusammenfassung
Gesangsverhalten des duettierenden neotropischen Sclaterzaunkönigs: Repertoire, morgendliche Refrainvariationen und gemeinsamer Gesang
Die Entwicklung der großen Vielfalt von Lautäußerungen bei Vögeln wurde von diversen Selektionskräften unterstützt. Eine Beschreibung dieser Verhaltensweise ist entscheidend für das Verständnis sowohl des selektiven als auch des nicht-selektiven Drucks, dem die Ausprägung der Lautäußerungen von Vögeln unterlag und der Rolle, die diese akustischen Signale in ökologischen und evolutionären Prozessen spielten. Wir beschreiben hier das Gesangsverhalten des Sclaterzaunkönigs (Campylorhynchus rufinucha humilis), einer Singvogelart der neotropischen Trockenwälder. Durch aktives und passives akustisches Monitoring quantifizierten wir geschlechtsspezifische Solo-Gesangsrepertoires, beschrieben die akustischen Struktureigenschaften der Lautäußerungen, bewerteten die akustische Aktivität während der Morgendämmerung, einschließlich der Rufe, Einzelgesänge, Duette und des jeweiligen Beitrags der beiden Geschlechter zur Duettbildung und untersuchten, ob der Anteil des gemeinsamen Gesangs mit der geographischen Entfernung zwischen benachbarten Revieren variierte. Unsere Ergebnisse stammten von 24 Paaren und deuten darauf hin, dass Sclaterzaunkönige geschlechtsabhängige Gesänge haben und sowohl Weibchen als auch Männchen ihre Gesänge zu Duetten kombinieren. In der Regel werden die Duette von den Männchen begonnen und den Weibchen beantwortet. Die Weibchen haben nur einen Gesangstyp in ihrem Repertoire, während die Männchen mehrere Gesangstypen mit einer mittleren Repertoiregröße pro Vogel von 49,7 ± 8,8 (berechnet anhand einfacher Zählung; n = 8) oder 55,4 ± 16,1 (berechnet mit der Fang-Wiederfang-Technik; n = 19) Gesangstypen haben. Die morgendliche Gesangsaktivität ähnelt dem Muster des gemeinschaftlichen Gesangs am Morgen, obwohl Einzelvögel normalerweise nach Sonnenaufgang zu singen beginnen, wobei beide Geschlechter zur morgendlichen Gesangsaktivität beitragen. Wir haben überdies festgestellt, dass die Anzahl gemeinsamer Gesänge zweier Männchen mit zunehmender geographischer Entfernung zwischen den Revieren abnimmt, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Männchen ihre Gesänge von den Eltern oder von Revier-Nachbarn lernen, ein erlerntes Verhalten, das für innergeschlechtliche Interaktionen wichtig ist. Unsere Studie ergänzt die Berichte über neotropische Vogelarten, über die detaillierte Gesangsbeschreibungen vorliegen, wird Vergleiche mit anderen taxonomischen Gruppen innerhalb des Campylorhynchus-Komplexes erleichtern und Licht auf taxonomische Streitfälle werfen.
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Víctor H. Vargas Herrera, Mariela López Antonio, Israel Gómez Díaz and Misael Elorza Castillo for monitoring and recording Sclater’s Wrens in the field. We are also thankful to Silvia F. Hernández Betancourt, Roberto C. Barrientos Medina, Juan Chablé Santos, Alejandro Ríos Chelén, Fernando González García, Alana Demko and Brendan Graham for their comments and suggestions to a previous version of this manuscript. We thank A. Kowalska for bird illustrations shown in Fig. 2.
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Field work was supported through project grants (CONACYT: 250910, 251526 and 301287) and a chair fellowship at CIIDIR Unidad Oaxaca (Catedras CONACYT researcher No. 1640; project No. 1781) to JRSL.
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MQO and JRSL conceived the idea. MQO carried out the acoustic and statistical analyses. MQO and JRSL performed the statistical analyses. JRSL coordinated and participated in the design of the study, and provided guidance for all analyses. JRSL provided funding. MQO and JRSL wrote the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Our research was approved with permits by the Dirección General de Vida Silvestre (SEMARNAT; Permits: SGPA/DGVS/01319/16; SGPA/DGVS/00853/17; SGPA/DGVS/002783/18; and SGPA/DGVS/003508/18). The Dirección General de Vida Silvestre is a subdivision of the Mexican government that oversees the ethical treatment of wildlife.
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Quiroz-Oliva, M., Sosa-López, J.R. Vocal behaviour of Sclater’s Wrens, a duetting Neotropical songbird: repertoires, dawn chorus variation, and song sharing. J Ornithol 163, 121–136 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01936-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01936-3