Abstract
A highly divergent bovine calicivirus was identified in an Indian calf with enteritis. The whole genome of this virus was sequenced, revealing distinct amino acid motifs in the polyprotein encoded by open reading frame 1 (ORF1) that are unique to caliciviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it was related to members of the genus Nebovirus of the family Caliciviridae. Although it showed only 33.7–34.2% sequence identity in the VP1 protein to the nebovirus prototype strains, it showed 90.6% identity in VP1 to Kirklareli virus, a nebovirus detected in calves with enteritis in Turkey in 2012. An in-house-designed and optimized reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was used to screen 120 archived bovine diarrhoeic fecal samples, 40 each from the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh, revealing frequent circulation of these divergent caliciviruses in the bovine population, with an overall positivity rate of 64.17% (77/120). This underscores the importance of conducting a comprehensive investigation of the prevalence of these divergent caliciviruses and assessing their associations with other pathogens responsible for enteritis in India.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. D.T. Maurya, Former Director of ICMR- NIV, Pune, and Dr. R.K. Singh, Former Director, ICAR-IVRI, for their support. The authors also thank Dr. Thomas Launey, Chief Researcher, Biotechnology Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE, for his critical reading and suggestions.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Performance of experiments, data collection, and analysis were performed by Naveen Kumar, Rahul Kaushik, Pragya Yadav, Shubhankar Sircar, Anita Shete-Aich, Ashutosh Singh, and Yashpal Singh Malik. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Naveen Kumar, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Kumar, N., Kaushik, R., Yadav, P. et al. A highly divergent enteric calicivirus in a bovine calf in India. Arch Virol 169, 102 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-024-06025-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-024-06025-3