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In-situ ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method to determine endocrine disrupting phenols in seawaters and industrial effluents

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Abstract

We have evaluated an in-situ ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure for the determination of six endocrine disrupting phenols in seawaters and industrial effluents using HPLC. The optimized method requires 38 μL of the water-soluble ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and 5 mL of seawater or industrial effluent. After appropriate work-up, a drop (~10 μL) of an ionic liquid is formed that contains the analytes of interest. It is diluted with acetonitrile and injected into the HPLC system. This procedure is accomplished without heating or cooling the solutions. The method is characterized by (a) average relative recoveries of 90.2%, (b) enrichment factors ranging from 140 to 989, and (c) precisions (expressed as relative standard deviations) of less than 11% when using a spiking level of 10 ng mL−1. The limits of detection range from 0.8 ng mL−1 for 4-cumylphenol to 4.8 ng mL−1 for bisphenol-A.

Scheme of the in situ IL-DLIME procedure to determine endocrine disrupting phenols in environmental waters.

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Acknowledgements

A.M.A. acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministry of Innovation and Science (MICINN) project ref. CTQ2008-06253/BQU, and from the Canary Agency for Research and Innovation (ACIISI) reinforcement project ref. SolSubC20081000171. V.P. thanks the MICINN for the Ramón y Cajal contract with the University of La Laguna (ULL). J.L.D. thanks the ACIISI for the contract with the ULL.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain

    Jessica López-Darias, Verónica Pino, Juan H. Ayala & Ana M. Afonso

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  1. Jessica López-Darias
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  2. Verónica Pino
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  3. Juan H. Ayala
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  4. Ana M. Afonso
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Correspondence to Verónica Pino or Ana M. Afonso.

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López-Darias, J., Pino, V., Ayala, J.H. et al. In-situ ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method to determine endocrine disrupting phenols in seawaters and industrial effluents. Microchim Acta 174, 213–222 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-011-0636-x

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