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Disturbance mechanical behaviors and anisotropic fracturing mechanisms of rock under novel three-stage true triaxial static-dynamic coupling loading

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Abstract

The surrounding rock in deep underground engineering is often subjected to true three-dimensional high-stress conditions. Excavation unloading results in changes in the stress state and induces damage in the surrounding rock, subsequently, dynamic disturbance triggers catastrophic in the damaged surrounding rock and increases the risk of engineering. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the dynamic mechanical behavior and fracture evolution mechanisms of deep surrounding rock. In this study, a novel three-stage true triaxial static-dynamic coupling loading test method was proposed to model stress paths experienced by the rock during disturbance failure after excavation damage in deep engineering. With acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, a set of true triaxial tests was conducted to investigate the influence of initial damage degree on the disturbance mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of monzogabbro, including bearing capacity, deformation, macro and mesoscopic fracture characteristics, and anisotropic disturbance fracture evolution mechanisms. AE activity can reflect the disturbance failure processes (decay stage, steady stage, and accelerated stage), and tensile-shear mechanisms evolution based on AE parameters AF/RA are well investigated. The disturbance critical stress is defined and calculated based on the disturbance life, and it can be used as the criterion for rock disturbance failure. The transition conditions of disturbance deformation in three stages can be linked with static strains corresponding to damage stress and peak strength under true triaxial stress. When initial damage degree increases from 80 to 93% of peak strength, disturbance life of monzogabbro decreases by 98%, deformation differential index DI values increases by 31%, and the disturbance failure mode changes from localized tensile splitting failure/ tensile-shear mixed failure to macroscopic shear failure. The study also explores the implications of initial damage degree on the disturbance fracture mechanisms of different buried depths and deteriorated surrounding rock.

Highlights

  • A novel three-stage true triaxial static-dynamic coupling loading (TTSDC) test method is proposed for modelling the excavation-induced damage and then far-field disturbance fracture of surrounding rock in deep engineering.

  • With the increase of initial damage degree, the disturbance life of monzogabbro decreases, and the disturbance failure mode changes from localized tensile splitting failure/tensile-shear mixed failure to macroscopic shear failure.

  • A new differential index is proposed to characterize the influence of initial damage degree on disturbance deformation anisotropy.

  • The tensile-shear mechanism during disturbance failure evolution is well investigated with AE parameters.

  • The triggering conditions of rock disturbance failure evolution under true triaxial stress are interpreted.

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Data availability

The authors confirm they have included a data availability statement in their main manuscript file. The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

\(\sigma _{1} ,\,\sigma _{2} \,{\text{and}}\,\sigma _{3}\) :

Major, intermediate, and minor principal stresses, respectively

\(\varepsilon _{1} ,\,\varepsilon _{2} \,{\text{and}}\,\varepsilon _{3}\) :

Major, intermediate, and minor principal strains, respectively

\(\Delta \varepsilon _{1} ,\,\Delta \varepsilon _{2} \,{\text{and}}\,\Delta \varepsilon _{3}\) :

Incremental strain during the disturbance failure stage in major, intermediate, and minor principal strain direction, respectively

\(\sigma _{{1{\text{e}}}}\) :

Initial damage degree

N :

The ultimate period number

\(\varepsilon _{{{\text{c}}1}} ,{\mkern 1mu} \varepsilon _{{{\text{c}}2}} {\mkern 1mu}\; {\text{and}}\;{\mkern 1mu} \varepsilon _{{{\text{c}}3}}\)  :

Disturbance strain in major, intermediate, and minor principal strain direction, respectively

DI:

Deformation differential index

A :

Disturbance amplitude

f :

Disturbance frequency

\(\dot{\varepsilon }_{1} ,\,\dot{\varepsilon }_{2} \,{\text{and}}\,\dot{\varepsilon }_{3}\) :

Disturbance strain rate in the major, intermediate, and minor principal stress direction, respectively

D1, D2 and D3 :

Disturbance damage variable in the major, intermediate, and minor principal stress direction, respectively

\(\sigma _{{{\text{cs}}}}\) :

Disturbance critical stress

\(\sigma _{{{\text{cd}}}}\) :

Damage stress

\(\sigma _{{{\text{p}}}}\) :

Triaxial static compression peak strength

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

AE:

Acoustic emission

AF:

Average frequency

RA:

Risetime/Amplitude ratio

\(\varepsilon _{{\text{p}}}\) :

Strain corresponding to static compression peak strength

\(\varepsilon _{{\text{cd}}}\) :

Strain corresponding to damage stress

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Acknowledgements

The authors greatly acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52109119), the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2021GXNSFBA075030), the Guangxi Science and Technology Project (Grant No. Guike AD20325002), the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Fund Project (Grant No. 2022M723408) and the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin (China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research) (Grant No.IWHR-SKL-202202).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China

    Zhi Zheng & Bin Deng

  2. State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China

    Zhi Zheng, Shaojun Li & Hong Zheng

  3. State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Bei**g, 100038, China

    Zhi Zheng

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  1. Zhi Zheng
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Contributions

ZZ: conceptualization, methodology, writing original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision. BD: investigation, writing—original draft, visualization. SL: supervision, validation. HZ: supervision, validation. All authors: ZZ, BD, SL, HZ.

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Correspondence to Zhi Zheng.

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Zheng, Z., Deng, B., Li, S. et al. Disturbance mechanical behaviors and anisotropic fracturing mechanisms of rock under novel three-stage true triaxial static-dynamic coupling loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng 57, 2445–2468 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03696-3

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