Abstract
Key message
It is important to increase studies on effect traits in monitoring restoration areas, as well as to encourage the use of PFT in the planning of restoration programs.
Abstract
The trait-based approach can be used as an important tool along the whole process of restoration, since plant functional traits (PFT) explain how species respond to environmental changes (response traits) and how they affect ecosystem functioning and species coexistence (effect traits). We performed a systematic review to investigate to what extent PFT have been assessed in ecological restoration initiatives worldwide. We found 341 articles, the majority of them published during the last decade. Studies measuring response traits were more frequent than those on effect traits. Experimental designs were as frequent as active and passive restoration actions and only 8 studies involved restoration planning, which may be related to our limited knowledge about species’ trait–function relationships. The response–effect framework was present in only 2.3% of the articles, which shows a knowledge gap on the applicability of the functional approach in restoration areas. Most studies were developed in temperate biomes and young restoration sites (< 5 years); thus, little is known about the intermediate- and long-term effects of plants in their environment in a restoration context. Leaf traits were the most accessed in all studies. The increasing use of PFT in ecological restoration can build the bridge between theoretical and applied science. The low number of papers using PFT in restoration planning might be an alert of encouragement for the strengthening communication between researchers and practitioners. Our results may help in understanding the present use of the trait-based approach on ecological restoration science and shed light on research gaps.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.
References
Aubin I, Munson AD, Cardou F, Burton PJ, Isabel N, Pedlar JH, Paquette A, Taylor AR, Delagrange S, Kebli H, Messier C, Shipley B, Valladares F, Kattge J, Boisvert-Marsh L, McKenney D (2016) Traits to stay, traits to move: a review of functional traits to assess sensitivity and adaptive capacity of temperate and boreal trees to climate change. Environ Rev 24(2):164–186. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0072
Bernik BM, Pardue JH, Blum MJ (2018) Soil erodibility differs according to heritable trait variation and nutrient-induced plasticity in the salt marsh engineer Spartina alterniflora. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 601:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12689
Box EO (1996) Plant functional types and climate at the global scale. J Veg Sci 7(3):309–320. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236274
Brancalion PHS, Niamir A, Broadbent E, Crouzeilles R, Barros FSM, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Baccini A, Aronson J, Goetz S, Reid JL, Strassburg BBN, Wilson S, Chazdon RL (2019) Global restoration opportunities in tropical rainforest landscapes. Adv, Sci. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3223
Brudvig LA (2011) The restoration of biodiversity: where has research been and where does it need to go? Am J Bot 98:549–558. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000285
Brudvig LA, Mabry CM (2008) Trait-based filtering of the regional species pool to guide understory plant reintroductions in Midwestern Oak Savannas, U.S.A. Rest Ecol 16:290–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00317.x
Burylo M, Rey F, Mathys N, Dutoit T (2012) Plant root traits affecting the resistance of soils to concentrated flow erosion. Earth Surf Proces Landf 37(14):1463–1470. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3248
Cabal C, Martínez-García R, Aguilar AC, Valladares F, Pacala SW (2020) The exploitative segregation of plant roots. Science 370(6521):1197–1199. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9877
Cadotte MW, Carscadden K, Mirotchnick N (2011) Beyond species: functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services. J Appl Ecol 48:1079–1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02048.x
Cairns J (2002) Rationale for restoration. In: Perrow MR, Davy AJ (eds) Handbook of ecological restoration, vol 1. Principles of restoration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp 10–23
Callaway RM (2007) Positive interaction and interdependence in plant communities. Springer, Netherlands, pp 404. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6224-7
Carlucci MB, Brancalion PHS, Rodrigues RR, Loyola R, Cianciaruso MV (2020) Functional traits and ecosystem services in ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 28:1372–1383. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13279
Caruso C, Mason CM, Medeiros JS (2020) The evolution of functional traits in plants: is the giant still slee**? Int J Plant Sci 181(1):000–000. https://doi.org/10.1086/707141
Chapin FS III (1993) Functional role of growth forms in ecosystem and global processes. In: Ehleringer JR and Field CB (eds) Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp.287–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-233440-5.50024-5
Cheng J, Chu P, Chen D, Bai Y, Niu S (2016) Functional correlations between specific leaf area and specific root length along a regional environmental gradient in Inner Mongolia grasslands. Funct Ecol 30:985–997. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12569
Chesson P (2000) Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 31:343–366. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.343
Choi YD (2004) Theories for ecological restoration in a changing environment: toward ‘“futuristic”’ restoration. Ecol Res 19:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1703.2003.00594_19_1.x
Choi YD (2007) Restoration ecology to the future: a call for a paradigm. Rest Ecol 15(2):351–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00224.x
Clark DL, Wilson M, Roberts R, Dunwiddie PW, Stanley A and Kaye TN (2012) Plant traits—a tool for restoration? Appl Veg Sci 15(4):449–458. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23253229
Cornwell WK, Ackerly DD (2009) Community assembly and shifts in plant trait distributions across an environmental gradient in coastal California. Ecol Monogr 79:109–126. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1134.1
De Bello F, Lavorel S, Lavergne S, Albert CH, Boulangeat I, Mazel F, Thuiller W (2013) Hierarchical effects of environmental filters on the functional structure of plant communities: a case study in the French Alps. Ecography 36:393–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07438.x
De Bello F, Carmona CP, Dias ATC, Götzenberger L, Moretti M, Berg MP (2021) Handbook of trait–based ecology: from theory to R tools. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108628426
Díaz S, Hodgson J, Thompson K, Cabido M, Cornelissen J, Jalili A, Montserrat-Martí G, Grime J, Zarrinkamar F, Asri Y, Band S, Basconcelo S, Castro-Díez P, Funes G, Hamzehee B, Khoshnevi M, Pérez-Harguindeguy N, Pérez-Rontomé M, Shirvany F, Vendramini F, Yazdani S, Abbas-Azimi R, Bogaard A, Boustani S, Charles M, Dehgha M, de Torres-Espuny L, Falczuk V, Guerrero-Campo J, Hynd A, Jones G, Kowsary E, Kazemi-Saeed F, Maestro-Martínez M, Romo-Díez A, Shaw S, Siavash B, Villar-Salvador P, Zak M (2004) The plant traits that drive ecosystems: Evidence from three continents. J Veg Sci 15:295–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02266.x
Durigan G and Ramos VS (2013) Manejo Adaptativo: primeiras experiências na Restauração de Ecossistemas. São Paulo, Brazil: p 50
Durigan G, Suganuma MS (2015) Why species composition is not a good indicator to assess restoration success? Counter-response to Reid (2015). Rest Ecol 23:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12272
Fenner M, Thompson K (2005) The ecology of seeds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 260p
Freschet GT, Aerts R, Cornelissen JHC (2012) A plant economics spectrum of litter decomposability. Funct Ecol 26(1):56–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01913.x
Fry EL, Evans AL, Sturrock CJ, Bullock JM, Bardgett RD (2018) Root architecture governs plasticity in response to drought. Plant Soil. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3824-1
Funk JL, Wolf AA (2016) Testing the trait-based community framework: Do functional traits predict competitive outcomes? Ecology 97:2206–2211. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1484
Funk JL, Larson JE, Ames GM, Butterfield BJ, Cavender-Bares J, Firn J, Laughlin DC, Sutton-Grier AE, Williams L, Wright J (2017) Revisiting the HolyGrail: using plant functional traits to understand ecological processes. Biol Rev 92:1156–1173. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12275
Garnier E, Gavas M, Grigulis K (2016) Plant functional diversity organism traits, community structure, and ecosystem properties. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 231p
Gavinet J, Prévosto B, Fernandez C (2016) Introducing resprouters to enhance Mediterranean forest resilience: importance of functional traits to select species according to a gradient of pine density. J Appl Ecol 53:1735–1745. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12716
Gornish ES, Campbell C, Svejcar L, Munson SM, Vaughn K, Spaeth MK, Yelenik SG, Wolf A, Mitchell R (2023) Functional traits are used in restoration practice: a response to Merchant et al. Restor Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13880
Griffin-Nolan RJ, Bushey JA, Carroll CJW, Challis A, Chieppa J, Garbowski M, Hoffman AM, Post AK, Slette IJ, Spitzer D et al (2018) Trait selection and community weighting are key to understanding ecosystem responses to changing precipitation regimes. Funct Ecol 32:1746–1756. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13135
Hallett LM, Chapple DE, Bickart N, Cherbowsky A, Fernandez L, Ho CH, Alexander M, Schwab K, Suding KN (2017) Trait complementarity enhances native plant restoration in an invaded urban landscape. Ecol Rest 35(2):148–155. https://doi.org/10.3368/er.35.2.148
HilleRisLambers J, Adler PB, Harpole WS, Levine JM, Mayfield MM (2012) Rethinking community assembly through the lens of coexistence theory. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 43:227–248. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160411
Hobbs RJ, Cramer VA (2008) Restoration ecology: interventionist approaches for restoring and maintaining ecosystem function in the face of rapid environmental change. Annu Rev Environ Resour 33(1):39–61. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.33.020107.113631
Hobbs RJ, Higgs E, Harris JA (2009) Novel ecosystems: implications for conservation and restoration. Trends Ecol Evol 24:599–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.05.012
Hodgson JG, Wilson PJ, Hunt R, Grime JP, Thompson K (1999) Allocating C-S-R plant functional types: a soft approach to a hard problem. Oikos 85(2):282–294. https://doi.org/10.2307/3546494
Hortal J, de Bello F, Diniz-Filho JAF, Lewinsohn TM, Lobo JM, Ladle RJ (2015) Seven shortfalls that beset large-scale knowledge of biodiversity. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 46:523–549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054400
Huang Y, Lechowicz MJ, Price CA, Li L, Wang Y, Zhow D (2016) The underlying basis for the trade-off between leaf size and leafing intensity. Funct Ecol 30:199–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12491
Jackson ST, Hobbs RJ (2009) Ecological restoration in the light of ecological history. Science 325:567–569. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.11729
**g G, Cheng J, Su J, Wei L, Hu T, Li W (2019) Community-weighted mean traits play crucial roles in driving ecosystem functioning along long-term grassland restoration gradient on the Loess Plateau of China. J Arid Environ 165:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.01.018
Karlsson S, Srebotnjak T, Gonzales P (2007) Understanding the North-South knowledge divide and its implications for policy: a quantitative analysis of the generation of scientific knowledge in the environmental sciences. Environ Sci Policy 10(7–8):668–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2007.04.001
Kollmann J, Meyer ST, Bateman R, Conradi T, Gossner MM, Mendonça MS Jr, Fernandes GW, Hermann JM, Koch C, Müller SC, Oki Y, Overbeck GE, Paterno GB, Rosenfield MF, Toma TSP, Weisser WW (2016) Integrating ecosystem functions into restoration ecology—recent advances and future directions. Rest Ecol 24(6):722–730. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12422
Laughlin DC (2014) Applying trait-based models to achieve functional targets for theory-driven ecological restoration. Ecol Lett 17:771–784. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12288
Laughlin DC, Strahan RT, Huffman DW, Sánchez Meador AJ (2016) Using trait-based ecology to restore resilient ecosystems: historical conditions and the future of montane forests in western North America. Restor Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12342
Lavorel S (2013) Plant functional effects on ecosystem services. J Ecol 101:4–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12031
Lavorel S, Garnier E (2002) Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy Grail. Funct Ecol 16:545–556. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00664.x
Leishman MR, Westoby M (1994) The role of large seed size in shaded conditions: experimental evidence. Funct Ecol 8:205–214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2389903
Leishman MR (2001) Does the seed size/number trade-off model determine plant community structure? an assessment of the model mechanisms and their generality. Oikos 93(2): 294–302. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3547307
Li L, Cadotte MW, Martínez-Garza C, de la Peña-Domene M, Du G (2017) Planting accelerates restoration of tropical forest but assembly mechanisms appear insensitive to initial composition. J Appl Ecol 55(2):986–996. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12976
Liebsch D, Marques MCM, Goldenberg R (2008) How long does the atlantic rain forest take to recover after disturbance? Changes in species composition and ecological features during secondary succession. Biol Conserv 141(6):1717–1725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.013
Lienin P, Kleyer M (2012) Plant trait responses to the environment and effects on ecosystem properties. Basic Appl Ecol 13:301–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2012.05.002
Liu M, Wang Z, Li S, Lü X, Wang X, Han X (2017) Changes in specific leaf area of dominant plants in temperate grasslands along a 2500-km transect in northern China. Sci Rep 7:10780. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11133-z
Lohbeck M, Poorter L, Martínez-Ramos M, Bongers F (2015) Biomass is the main driver of changes in ecosystem process rates during tropical forest succession. Ecology 96:1242–1252. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-0472.1
Lönnberg K, Eriksson O (2013) Rules of seed size game: contests between large-seeded and small-seeded species. Oikos 122:1080–1084. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.00249.x
Manhães AP, Pantaleão LC, Moraes LFD, Amazonas NT, Saavedra MM, Mantuano D, Sansevero JBB (2022) Functional trajectory for the assessment of ecological restoration success. Restor Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13665
Martínez-Garza C, Bongers F, Poorter L (2013) Are functional traits good predictors of species performance in restoration plantings in tropical abandoned pastures? For Ecol Manag 303(1):35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.046
Mayfield MM, Levine JM (2010) Opposing effects of competitive exclusion on the phylogenetic structure of communities. Ecol Lett 13:1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01509.x
McGill BJ, Enquist BJ, Weiher E, Westoby M (2006) Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends Ecol Evol 21:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.02.002
Merchant TK, Henn JJ, de Silva I, Van Cleemput E, Suding KN (2022) Four reasons why functional traits are not being used in restoration practice. Restor Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13788
Mo Q, Wang LQ, W, Zhou Q, Peng Z, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhao Q, (2020) Assessments of foliar functional traits of understory shrubs in two 13-year reforested plantations in subtropical China. Glob Ecol Conserv 23:e01202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01202
Montoya D, Rogers L, Memmott J (2012) Emerging perspectives in the restoration of biodiversity-based ecosystem services. Trends Ecol Evol 27:666–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.004
Myers N, Mittermeier R, Mittermeier C, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772):853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Norden N, Angarita HA, Bongers F, Martínez-Ramos M, Granzow-de la Cerda I, van Breugel M, Lebrija-Trejos E, Meave JA, Vandermeer J, Williamson GB, Mesquita R, Chazdon RL (2015) Successional dynamics in Neotropical forests are as uncertain as they are predictable. PNAS 112(26):8013–8018. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500403112
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess ND, Powell GVN, Underwood EC, D’amico JA, Itoua I, Strand HE, Morrison JC, Loucks CJ, Allnutt TF, Ricketts TH, Kura Y, Lamoreux JF, Wettengel WW, Hedao P, Kassem KR (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth: a new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. Bioscience 51(11):933–938. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
Ostertag R, Warman L, Cordell S, Vitousek PM (2015) Using plant functional traits to restore Hawaiian rainforest. J Appl Ecol 52:805–809. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12413
Pakeman RJ (2011) Multivariate identification of plant functional response and effect traits in an agricultural landscape. Ecology 92(6):1353–1365. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1728.1
Pérez-Harguindeguy N, Díaz S, Garnier E, Lavorel S, Poorter H, Jaureguiberry P, Bret-Harte MS, Cornwell WK, Craine JM, Gurvich DE, Urcelay C, Veneklaas EJ, Reich PB, Poorter L, Wright IJ, Ray P, Enrico L, Pausas JG, de Vos AC, Buchmann N, Funes G, Quétier F, Hodgson JG, Thompson K, Morgan HD, ter Steege H, van der Heijden MGA, Sack L, Blonder B, Poschlod P, Vaieretti MV, Conti G, Staver AC, Aquino S, Cornelissen JHC (2013) New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Aust J Bot 61:167–234. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT12225
Perring MP, Standish RJ, Price JN, Craig MD, Erickson TE, Ruthrof KX, Whiteley AS, Valentine LE, Hobbs RJ (2015) Advances in restoration ecology: rising to the challenges of the coming decades. Ecosphere 6(8):131. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00121.1
Puritty CE, Mayfield MM, Azcárate FM, Cleland EE (2018) Different traits predict competitive effect versus response by Bromus madritensis in its native and invaded ranges. Biol Invasions 20:2553–2565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1719-y
Pywell RF, Bullock JM, Roy DB, Warman L, Walker KJ, Rothery P (2003) Plant traits as predictors of performance in ecological restoration. J Appl Ecol 40:65–77. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00762.x
Reich PB (2014) The world-wide ‘fast–slow’ plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto. J Ecol 102:275–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12211
Reich PB, Oleksyn J (2004) Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(30):11001–11006. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.040358810
Rosado BHP, Dias ATC, Mattos EA (2013) Going back to basics: importance of ecophysiology when choosing functional traits for studying communities and ecosystems. Nat Conserv 11(1):15–22. https://doi.org/10.4322/natcon.2013.002
Rosenfield MF, Müller SC (2019) Assessing ecosystem functioning in forests undergoing restoration. Restor Ecol 27:158–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12828
Rosenfield MF, Müller SC (2020) Ecologia functional como ferramenta para planejar e monitorar ecossistemas de restauração. Oecologia Aust 24(3):550–555. https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2020.2403.02
Sandel B, Corbin JD, Krupa M (2011) Using plant functional traits to guide restoration: a case study in California coastal grassland. Ecosphere 2(2):art23. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES10-00175.1
Seastedt TR, Hobbs RJ, Suding KN (2008) Management of novel ecosystems: are novel approaches required? Frontiers Ecol Envir 6:547–553. https://doi.org/10.1890/070046
Shipley B, de Bello F, Cornelissen JHC, Laliberté E, Laughlin DC, Reich PB (2016) Reinforcing loose foundation stones in trait-based plant ecology. Oecologia 180:923–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3549-x
Society for Ecological Restoration International Science and Working Policy Group (SER) (2004) The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. http://cdn.ymaws.com/www.ser.org/resource/resmgr/custompages/publications/ser_publications/ser_primer.pdf. Accessed 19 Oct 2020.
Suding KN (2011) (2011) Toward an era of restoration in ecology: successes, failures, and opportunities ahead. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 42:465–487
Suding KN, Goldstein LJ (2008) Testing the Holy Grail framework: using functional traits to predict ecosystem change. New Phytol 180:559–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02650.x
Suding KN, Lavorel S, Chapin FS III, Cornelissen JHC, Díaz S, Garnier E, Goldberg D, Hooper DU, Jackson ST, Navas ML (2008) Scaling environmental change through the community-level: a trait-based response-and-effect framework for plants. Glob Change Biol 14:1125–1140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01557.x
Thorpe AS, Stanley AG (2011) Determining appropriate goals for restoration of imperilled communities and species. J Appl Ecol 48:275–279
Turnbull LA, Coomes D, Hector A, Rees M (2004) Seed mass and the competition/colonization trade-off: competitive interactions and spatial patterns in a guild of annual plants. J Ecol 92:97–109
Villéger S, Miranda JR, Hernández DF, Mouillot D (2010) Contrasting changes in taxonomic vs. functional diversity of tropical fish communities after habitat degradation. Ecol Appl 20:1512–1522. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1310.1
Violle C, Navas ML, Vile D, Kazakou E, Fortunel C, Hummel I, Garnier E (2007) Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos 116(5):882–892. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15559.x
Volaire F, Gleason SM, Delzon S (2020) What do you mean “functional” in ecology? Patterns versus processes. Ecol Evol 10:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6781
Wang L, Zhao G, Li M, Zhang M, Zhang L, Zhang X, An L, Xu S (2015) C:N: P Stoichiometry and leaf traits of halophytes in an arid saline environment Northwest China. PLoS ONE 10(3):e0119935. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119935
Werden LK, Alvarado JP, Zarges S, Calderón ME, Schilling EM, Gutiérrez LM, Powers JS (2018) Using soil amendments and plant functional traits to select native tropical dry forest species for the restoration of degraded Vertisols. J Appl Ecol 55(2):1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12998
Wilson KA, Auerbach NA, Sam K, Magini AG, Moss ASL, Langhans SD, Budiharta S, Terzano D, Meijaard E (2016) Conservation research is not happening where it is most needed. PLoS Biol 14(3):e1002413. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002413
Wortley L, Hero JM, Howes M (2013) Evaluating ecological restoration success: a review of the literature. Restor Ecol 21:537–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12028
Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M (2001) Strategy shifts in leaf physiology, structure and nutrient content between species of high- and low-rainfall and high-and low-nutrient habitats. Funct Ecol 15:423–434. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00542.x
Wright I, Reich P, Westoby M et al (2004) The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428:821–827. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02403
Wright J, Symstad A, Bullock JM, Engelhardt KAM, Jackson LE, Benhardt ES (2009) Restoring biodiversity and ecosystem function: will an integrated approach improve results? In: Naeem S, Bunker D, Hector A, Loreau M, Perrings C (eds) Biodiversity and human impacts. Oxford Univeristy Press, Oxford, UK, pp 167–177
Zirbel CR, Bassett T, Grman E, Brudvig LA (2017) Plant functional traits and environmental conditions shape community assembly and ecosystem functioning during restoration. J Appl Ecol 54:1070–1079. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12885
Zupo T, Lazzarotto Freitas J, Almeida dos Reis D, Ferreira de Siqueira M (2022) Trends and knowledge gaps on ecological restoration research in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Restor Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13645
Acknowledgements
NL is grateful for the PhD scholarship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. NL is also thankful to Fundo Brasileiro para a Biodiversidade (FUNBIO; grant # 029/2021) that provides financial support to her thesis. JS is supported by PQ-2 grant from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). DM and AM are supported by PETROBRAS grant (#5900.0110930.19.9). DM would like to thank Prof. Eduardo Arcoverde de Mattos for his valuable guidance in Plant Ecophysiology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors conceived the ideas. Nathalie Loureiro wrote the manuscript and was responsible for data collection and analysis. Dulce Mantuano, Adriana Manhães, and Jerônimo Sansevero were responsible for manuscript review. All authors contributed to the versions of the manuscript and gave final approval for publication.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Communicated by Scarano.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Loureiro, N., Mantuano, D., Manhães, A. et al. Use of the trait-based approach in ecological restoration studies: a global review. Trees 37, 1287–1297 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-023-02439-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-023-02439-9