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Salting-out-enhanced ionic liquid microextraction with a dual-role solvent for simultaneous determination of trace pollutants with a wide polarity range in aqueous samples

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Abstract

In real aquatic environments, many occupational pollutants with a wide range of polarities coexist at nanogram to milligram per liter levels. Most reported microextraction methods focus on extracting compounds with similar properties (e.g., polarity or specific functional groups). Herein, we developed a salting-out-enhanced ionic liquid microextraction based on a dual-role solvent (SILM-DS) for simultaneous detection of tetracycline, doxycycline, bisphenol A, triclosan, and methyltriclosan, with log K ow ranging from −1.32 to 5.40 in complex milk and environmental water matrices. The disperser in the ionic-liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was converted to the extraction solvent in the subsequent salting-out-assisted microextraction procedures, and thus a single solvent performed a dual role as both extractant and disperser in the SILM-DS process. Acetonitrile was selected as the dual-role solvent because of its strong affinity for both ionic liquids and water, as well as the extractant in the salting-out step. Optimized experimental conditions were 115 μL [C8MIM][PF6] as extractor, 1200 μL acetonitrile as dual-role solvent, pH 2.0, 5.0 min ultrasound extraction time, 3.0 g Na2SO4, and 3.0 min vortex extraction time. Under optimized conditions, the recoveries of the five pollutants ranged from 74.5 to 106.9%, and their LODs were 0.12–0.75 μg kg−1 in milk samples and 0.11–0.79 μg L−1 in environmental waters. Experimental precision based on relative standard deviation was 1.4–6.4% for intraday and 2.3–6.5% for interday analyses. Compared with previous methods, the prominent advantages of the newly developed method are simultaneous determination of pollutants with a wide range of polarities and a substantially reduced workload for ordinary environmental monitoring and food tests. Therefore, the new method has great application potential for simultaneous determination of trace pollutants with strongly contrasting polarities in several analytical fields.

A salting-out-enhanced ionic liquid microextraction based on a dual-role solvent (SILM-DS) was developed for simultaneous detection of tetracycline, doxycycline, bisphenol A, triclosan and methyltriclosan, with log K ow ranging from –1.32 to 5.40. The novelty of SILM-DS method lies in (1) simultaneous quantification of pollutants with contrasting polarity; (2) microextraction based on a dual-role solvent (as a disperser and extractant); (3) giving high recoveries for analytes with a wide range of polarities; and (4) reducing workload for ordinary environmental monitoring and food tests.

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Acknowledgements

This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21577107 and 21377100), the Zhejiang Provincial Public Benefit Project (2016C34011), and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LY16B070010).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, College of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China

    Man Gao, **gang Qu, Kai Chen, Lide **, Randy Alan Dahlgren & Xuedong Wang

  2. College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China

    Huili Wang

  3. College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China

    Chengxia Tan

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  1. Man Gao
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Correspondence to Huili Wang, Chengxia Tan or Xuedong Wang.

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Gao, M., Qu, J., Chen, K. et al. Salting-out-enhanced ionic liquid microextraction with a dual-role solvent for simultaneous determination of trace pollutants with a wide polarity range in aqueous samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 409, 6287–6303 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0579-0

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