SpringerLink
Log in

Improving surface integrity aspects of AISI 316L in the context of bioimplant applications

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Bioimplants demand unique surface integrity (SI) requirements wherein the primary target is to have minimum surface roughness and maximum microhardness to improve their corrosion and wear resistance characteristics. This demands a more meticulous approach while machining biocompatible materials such as AISI 316L than may be the case when the alloy is to be machined for other applications. Various machinability studies have been conducted on AISI 316L targeting the aforementioned aspects. However, in view of the range of parameters that could be investigated and the availability of various parametric optimization algorithms, it is felt that research gaps still exist. This paper reports on the improvement of surface integrity aspects of AISI 316L in the context of bioimplant applications. The grey relational analysis (GRA) approach has been used to first optimize the influence of various milling parameters: cutting environment (wet and dry conditions), the cutting speed (CS), the feed rate (FR), and the axial depth of cut (Ap) for the aspects of surface roughness (Ra), and microhardness with biocompatibility requirements in mind. The experimentation work involves two phases: Taguchi L18 array was used for phase I experimentation followed by multi-attribute GRA-based optimization. Phase II experimentation explored the possibility of further increase in microhardness by machining with worn tools taking GRA-identified optimized parameter levels as a baseline and then increasing the cutting speed. It has been found that the use of worn tools at GRA-optimized parameters results in further improvement in SI aspects in general. An extent of 37% improvement in terms of the maximum value of microhardness (301 HV at 15-μm depth) has been reported compared with GRA-optimized value (218 HV) when worn tools at higher cutting speeds are employed. This is accompanied by a machined hardened layer extending up to a depth of 222 μm and an associated Ra of 0.85 μm. Microstructure analysis shows more machined-affected zones with worn tools thus supporting the findings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CS:

Cutting speed

FR:

Feed rate

A p :

Axial depth of cut

R a :

Surface roughness

SI:

Surface integrity

GRA:

Grey relational analysis

GRC:

Grey relational coefficient

GRG:

Grey relational grading

TiAlN:

Titanium aluminum nitride

BUE:

Built-up edges

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

PCR:

Percentage contribution

MAZ:

Machined-affected zone

References

  1. Saini M, Sing Y, Arora P, Arora V, Jain K (2015) Implant biomaterials: a comprehensive review. World J Clin Cases 3(11):52–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Majumdar JD, Kumar A, Pityana S, Manna I (2018) Laser surface melting of AISI 316L stainless steel for bio-implant applications. Proc Natl Acad Scie India Section A Phys Sci 88(3):387–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Saptaji K, Gebremariam MA, Azhari MABM (2018) Machining of biocompatible materials: a review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 97:2255–2292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Abellán-Nebot JV, Siller HR, Vila C, Rodríguez CA (2012) An experimental study of process variables in turning operations of Ti–6Al–4V and Cr–Co spherical prostheses. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 63:887–902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Demir AG, Previtali B, Ge Q, Vedani M, Wu W, Migliavacca F, Petrini L, Biffi CA, Bestetti M (2014) Biodegradable magnesium coronary stents: material, design and fabrication. Int J Comput Integr Manuf 27:936–945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Chen Y, Xu Z, Smith C, Sankar J (2014) Recent advances on the development of magnesium alloys for biodegradable implants. Acta Biomater 10:4561–4573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kang CW, Fang FZ (2018) State of the art bioimplant manufacturing: part 1. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 6:20–40

    Google Scholar 

  8. Godbole N, Yadav S, Manickam R (2016) A review on surface treatment of stainless steel orthopedic implants. Int J Pharm Rev Res 36(1):190–194

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kaladhar M (2012) Machining of austenitic stainless steel- a review. Int J Mach Mach Mater 12(1/2)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Odedeyi PB, Abou-El-Hossein K, Liman M (2017) An experimental study of flank wear in the end milling of AISI 316 stainless steel with coated carbide inserts. 6th International Conference on Fracture Fatigue and Wear, J Phys. 843

  11. Ebara R (2010) Corrosion fatigue crack initiation behavior of stainless steels. Procedia Eng 2:1291–1306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Shalabi MM (2006) Implant surface roughness and bone healing: a systematic review. J Dent Res 85:496–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ronold HJ, Lyngstadaas SP, Ellingsen JE (2003) Analysing the optimal value for titanium implants roughness in bone attachment using a tensile test. Biomaterials. 24(25):4559–4564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Murray D, Rae T, Rushton N (1989) The influence of the surface energy and roughness of implants on bone resorption. J Bone Joint Surg Br 71:632–637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Gürbüz H, Seker U, Kafkas F (2017) Investigation of effects of cutting insert rake face forms on surface integrity. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 90:3507–3522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kadi RK (2015) Optimization of dry turning parameters on surface roughness and hardness of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316) by Taguchi technique. J Eng Fundam 2(2):30–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kaynak Y, Kilag O (2018) Porosity, surface quality, microhardness and microstructure of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel resulting from finish machining. J Manuf Mater Process 2(36)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Maurottoa A, Tsivoulas D, Gu Y, Burke MG (2017) Effects of machining abuse on the surface properties of AISI 316L stainless steel. Int J Press Vessel Pip 151:35–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Alabdullah M, Polishetty A, Nomani J, Littlefair G (2019) An investigation on machinability assessment of Al-6XN and AISI 316 alloys: an assessment study of machining. Mach Scie Technol 33(2):171–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Yasir M, Ginta TL, Alkali AU, Danish M (2015) Experimental investigation to improve surface integrity of biomedical devices by end-milling AISI 316L stainless steel. Appl Mech Mater 789-790:141–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Alkali AU, Ginta TL, Abdul-Rani AM, Fawad H (2015) Improved surface integrity during end milling AISI 316L stainless steel using heat assisted machining. Appl Mech Mater 752-753:62–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ghani HU, Hussain A, Usman M, Dawood M (2018) Parametric characterization of milled surface of SS-316-L using coated inserts. University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  23. Shrisungsittisunti P, Mahathanabodee S (2018) Surface modification on AISI 316L stainless steel by nanosecond laser with boron nitride powders. Mater Proc 5(3):9461–9466

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chikarakara E, Naher S, Brabazon D (2010) Process map** of laser surface modification of AISI 316L stainless steel for biomedical application. Appl Phys 101(2)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kumar A, Roy SK, Berger H, Majumdar JD (2013) Laser surface cladding of Ti-6Al-4V on AISI 316L stainless steel for bio-implant applications. Laser Eng 28(1):11–33

    Google Scholar 

  26. https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/datasheets/316-316l.pdf. Retrieved on April 17, 2019

  27. https://www.iso.org/standard/16092.html. Retrieved on April 17, 2019

  28. Zahoor S, Mufti NA, Saleem MQ, Mughal MP, Qureshi MAM (2017) Effect of machine tool’s spindle forced vibrations on surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and tool wear in vertical milling of AISI P20. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 89:3671–3679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kayiri Y, Suzgunoi M (2018) Optimization of cutting parameters in drilling AISI P20 die mold steel with Taguchi and GRA Methods. J Sci 31(3):898–910

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ishfaq K, Mufti NA, Ahmed N, Mughal MP, Saleem MQ (2018) An investigation of surface roughness and parametric optimization during wire electric discharge machining of cladded material. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 97:4065–4079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Zahoor S, Mufti NA, Saleem MQ, Shehzad A (2018) An investigation into surface integrity of AISI P20 machined under the influence of spindle forced vibration. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 96(9-12):3565–3574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Abd Halim NFH, Helen AH, Barnes S (2017) Analysis of tool wear, cutting force, surface roughness and machining temperature during finishing operation of ultrasonic assisted milling (UAM) of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP). Procedia Eng 184:185–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Marques A, Guimaraes C, Batista da Silva R, Fonseca MPC, Sale WF, Machado AR (2016) Surface integrity analysis of Inconel 718 after turning with different solid lubricants dispersed in neat oil delivered by MQL. Proc Manuf 5:609–620

    Google Scholar 

  34. Devillez A, Coz GL, Dominiak S, Dudzinski D (2011) Dry machining of Inconel 718 workpiece surface integrity. J Mater Process Technol 211:1590–1598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Nurhaniza M, Ariffin MKAM, Mustapha F, Baharudin BTHT (2016) Analyzing the effect of machining parameters setting to the surface roughness during end milling of CFRP-aluminium composite laminates. Int J Manuf Eng 2016:4680380

    Google Scholar 

  36. Khan SA, Ahmad MA, Saleem MQ, Ghulam Z, Qureshi MAM (2017) High-feed turning of AISI D2 tool steel using multi-radii tool inserts: tool life, material removed, and workpiece surface integrity evaluation. Mater Manuf Process 32(6):670–677

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ulutan D, Ozel T (2011) Machining induced surface integrity in titanium and nickel alloys: a review. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 51:250–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Kalpakjian S, Schmid SR (2013) Manufacturing engineering and technology, 7th edn. Pearson, Irving

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

    Sadaf Zahoor, Muhammad Qaiser Saleem, Kashif Ishfaq, Adeel Shehzad, Hafiz Usman Ghani, Amir Hussain, Muhammad Usman & Muhammad Dawood

  2. University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada

    Sadaf Zahoor & Walid Abdul-Kader

Authors
  1. Sadaf Zahoor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Qaiser Saleem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Walid Abdul-Kader
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kashif Ishfaq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Adeel Shehzad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hafiz Usman Ghani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Amir Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Muhammad Usman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Muhammad Dawood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sadaf Zahoor.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zahoor, S., Saleem, M.Q., Abdul-Kader, W. et al. Improving surface integrity aspects of AISI 316L in the context of bioimplant applications. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 105, 2857–2867 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04444-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04444-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation