Abstract
The Al-Cu-Li-(Mg) alloy is a high-performance lightweight material strengthened by complex coexisting precipitates that form in the alloy upon thermal ageing. Using high-resolution (scanning) transmission electron microscopy in association with first-principles energy calculations, we systematically studied the complex coexisting precipitates in the alloys and correlated their precipitation sequences with thermal ageing processes applied. The principal results are the following: (1) eight types of precipitates can be observed in the alloy; (2) of these precipitates, the T 1-phase is most stable. The S-phase precipitates with segregated Li atoms at their interfacial edges are unexpectedly more stable than the σ-phase; (3) the T 1-phase has a characteristic precursor that plays the key role in its nucleation and growth.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig2_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig3_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig4_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig5_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig6_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig7_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig8_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig9_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig10_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig11_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig12_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-016-0366-5/MediaObjects/40195_2016_366_Fig13_HTML.jpg)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T. Dursun, C. Soutis, Mater. Design 56, 862 (2014)
E.A. Starke Jr, J.T. Staley, Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 32, 131 (1996)
F.W. Gayle, F.H. Heubaum, J.R. Pickens, Scr. Metall. Mater. 24, 79 (1990)
A.K. Shukla, W.A. Baeslack III, Scr. Mater. 56, 513 (2007)
A. Gaber, N. Afify, Phys. B Condens. Matter. 315, 1 (2002)
B.P. Huang, Z.Q. Zheng, Acta Mater. 46, 4381 (1998)
H.Y. Li, Y. Tang, Z.D. Zeng, Z.Q. Zheng, F. Zheng, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 498, 314 (2008)
X.X. Yu, Y.R. Zhang, D.F. Yin, Z.M. Yu, S.F. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. lett.) 28, 817 (2015)
C.E. Cross, in aluminum–lithium alloys II, ed. by T.H. Sanders Jr., E.A. Starke Jr, Proceedings of the 2nd International Aluminum–Lithium Conference, California, April 1983 (TMS-AIME, Warrendale, 1984), p. 675
A. Guinier, Nature 142, 569 (1938)
G.D. Preston, Nature 142, 570 (1938)
T.J. Konno, K. Hiraga, M. Kawasaki, Scr. Mater. 44, 2303 (2001)
J. Silcock, T. Heal, H. Hardy, J. Inst. Met. 82, 239 (1954)
S.M. Kumaran, N. Priyadharsini, V. Rajendran, T. Jayakumar, P. Palanichamy, P. Shankar, B. Raj, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 435–436, 29 (2006)
J.M. Silcock, J. Inst. Met. 88, 357 (1959–60)
B. Decreus, A. Deschamps, F. De Geuser, P. Donnadieu, C. Sigli, M. Weyland, Acta Mater. 61, 2207 (2013)
R. Yoshimura, T.J. Konno, E. Abe, K. Hiraga, Acta Mater. 51, 2891 (2003)
R.D. Schueller, A.K. Sachdev, F.E. Wawner, Scr. Metall. Mater. 27, 1289 (1992)
Z.R. Pan, Z.Q. Zheng, Z.Q. Liao, S.C. Li, Mater. Lett. 64, 942 (2010)
H.K. Hardy, J.M. Silock, J. Inst. Met. 84, 423 (1955–1956)
S. Van Smaalen, A. Meetsma, J.L. De Boer, P.M. Bronsveld, J. Solid State Chem. 85, 293 (1990)
C. Dwyer, M. Weyland, L.Y. Chang, B.C. Muddle, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 201901–201909 (2011)
P. Donnadieu, Y. Shao, F. De Geuser, G.A. Botton, S. Lazar, M. Cheynet, M. de Boissieu, A. Deschamps, Acta Mater. 59, 462 (2011)
H. Suzuki, M. Kanno, N. Hayashi, J. Jpn. Inst. Light. Met. 32, 88 (1982)
J.C. Huang, A.J. Ardell, Mater. Sci. Technol. 3, 176 (1987)
B. Noble, G.E. Thompson, Metal. Sci. J. 6, 167 (1972)
K.S. Kumar, S.A. Brown, J.R. Pickens, Acta Mater. 44, 1899 (1996)
M.J. Yin, J.H. Chen, S.B. Wang, Z.R. Liu, L.M. Cha, S.Y. Duan, C.L. Wu, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China 26, 1 (2016)
B. Decreus, A. Deschamps, F. de Geuser, C. Sigli, Adv. Eng. Mater. 15, 1082 (2013)
P.D. Nellist, S.J. Pennycook, Ultramicroscopy 78, 111 (1999)
S. Hillyard, J. Silcox, Ultramicroscopy 58, 6 (1995)
G. Kresse, J. Furthmüller, Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169 (1996)
J.P. Perdew, J. Chevary, S. Vosko, K.A. Jackson, M.R. Pederson, D. Singh, C. Fiolhais, Phys. Rev. B 46, 6671 (1992)
J.P. Perdew, Y. Wang, Phys. Rev. B 45, 13244 (1992)
H.J. Monkhorst, J.D. Pack, Phys. Rev. B 13, 5188 (1976)
Z.R. Liu, J.H. Chen, S.B. Wang, D.W. Yuan, M.J. Yin, C.L. Wu, Acta Mater. 59, 7396 (2011)
S.B. Wang, J.H. Chen, M.J. Yin, Z.R. Liu, D.W. Yuan, J.Z. Liu, C.H. Liu, C.L. Wu, Acta Mater. 60, 6573 (2012)
Z. Gao, J.Z. Liu, J.H. Chen, S.Y. Duan, Z.R. Liu, W.Q. Ming, C.L. Wu, J. Alloys Compd. 624, 22 (2015)
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51371081, 11427806, 51471067, 51501059 and 51171063) and the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2009CB623704). The authors are grateful to Dr. Z.J. Shen, Prof. J.X. Li and Prof. Z. Zhang for great helps in using their HRTEM facility at Zhejiang University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Available online at http://springer.longhoe.net/journal/40195
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gao, Z., Chen, JH., Duan, SY. et al. Complex Precipitation Sequences of Al-Cu-Li-(Mg) Alloys Characterized in Relation to Thermal Ageing Processes. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 29, 94–103 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-016-0366-5
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-016-0366-5