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Extraction and screening of kinnow (Citrus reticulata L.) peel phytochemicals, grown in Punjab, India

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Abstract

The present study was conducted to study the different extraction methods, i.e., refluxing, ultrasonication (US), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), for their efficacy in extracting the phytochemicals from kinnow peel, grown in Punjab India. The aqueous solvent resulted in higher extraction of phenols and flavonoids by 0.5–1% in comparison to absolute solvents. Also, in all extraction techniques, 80% methanol increased the phytochemical extraction by 1–2%. However, comparing the different extraction methods, results revealed that the extracts obtained after SFE exhibited highest total phenols (27.91 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoids content (10.31 ± 0.39 mg/g). The extraction of other phytochemicals viz carotenoids, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid was also highest with SFE method. While the degree of extraction varied with ethanol being highest for ascorbic acid and acetone for carotenoids and β-carotene. Furthermore, the characterization of phytochemical extracts by liquid chromatography–mass spectrophotometry identified phloretic acid, p-coumaric acid, dicaffeoylquinicacid, hesperetin 7-O-methyl ester, cinnamic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, diosmetin, quercetin, kaempferol, trihydroxydimethoxyflavone, narirutin, and β-carotene, as major bioactive compounds. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that SFE-CO2 resulted in prominent channeling effect explaining the highest extraction efficiencies of the method. The extracts from kinnow peel can therefore be utilized as functional ingredients in various foods and pharmaceuticals.

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Acknowledgements

We are highly thankful to UGC-New Delhi for providing the fellowship (MANF) for carrying out this work.

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  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, 141004, Ludhiana, India

    Mudasir Yaqoob, Poonam Aggarwal & Neha Babbar

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  1. Mudasir Yaqoob
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  2. Poonam Aggarwal
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  3. Neha Babbar
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Correspondence to Mudasir Yaqoob.

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Yaqoob, M., Aggarwal, P. & Babbar, N. Extraction and screening of kinnow (Citrus reticulata L.) peel phytochemicals, grown in Punjab, India. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 11631–11643 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02085-6

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