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Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of phytosterols extracted from Pisum sativum L. and Cicer arietinum L. through different extraction methods

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Abstract

Chickpeas and peas contain a variety of essential bioactive substances, including phenolics, antioxidants, and phytosterols, which are beneficial for human health. An effective extraction process is required to extract bioactive compounds and phytosterols. In this study, chickpeas and peas were converted into powdered form for compositional and mineral analysis and also subjected to different extraction methods such as maceration, Soxhlet, microwave-assisted, and ultrasonic extraction methods. This study investigated the extraction of phytosterols from chickpeas and peas after which the extract was subjected to phytochemical, antioxidant potential and characterization of phytosterols that was obtained from different extraction techniques. Both extracts from extraction methods were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) in their phenolics and antioxidant activity. Chickpeas and peas extracted by ultrasonic extraction method has significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher TPC, TFC, DPPH value, and FRAP values as compared to other methods. Salkowski test showed dark red to green in extract indicating the presence of phytosterols. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the structure of phytosterols showing the absorption band at 3354.11 cm−1 in chickpeas and 3305.89 cm−1 in peas extract that was inferred to be the stretching vibration of –OH from sterols. The stretching vibration of CH3 and CH2 groups showed the presence of long carbon side chain of sterols as the peaks shows at 2954.86 cm−1 in chickpeas and 2842.99 cm−1 in peas. In this study, characterization of phytosterols through FTIR and discrimination among the four different extraction methods in combination with PCA was also applied. A clear discrimination between the legumes samples extracted with different extraction methods as well as among each other was observed in PCA analysis of provided FTIR spectra. Results obtained in this study have shown the capability of ultrasonic extraction technique to extract phytosterols from chickpeas and peas.

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Data availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

All the authors are thankful to National Institute of Food Science and Technology for supporting this research at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Rimsha Younas, Amna Sahar & Rana Muhammad Aadil

  2. Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Amna Sahar

  3. Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Naeem Faisal

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  1. Rimsha Younas
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  2. Amna Sahar
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  4. Muhammad Naeem Faisal
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Contributions

Rimsha Younas: conceptualization; investigation; methodology; software; writing—original draft; writing—review; editing. Amna Sahar: conceptualization, supervision, project facilitation, resources, methodology, writing—review and editing. Rana Muhammad Aadil: supervision; methodology; resources; writing—review; editing. Muhammad Naeem Faisal: resources; methodology; writing—review; editing.

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Correspondence to Amna Sahar or Rana Muhammad Aadil.

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Younas, R., Sahar, A., Aadil, R.M. et al. Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of phytosterols extracted from Pisum sativum L. and Cicer arietinum L. through different extraction methods. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05603-4

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