Abstract
A simplified technique was considered to study the effects of incorporating fully wraparound geogrids on the behavior of fine sand soil under a strip footing. Numerical and experimental work were used to estimate this performance. This study has shown that some parameters affect the behavior of reinforced soil with folded geogrid inclusions. In addition, the parametric study was extended to include a fully folded geogrid layer, the embedment depth of the fully folded geogrid, the thickness of a fully folded geogrid, the distribution of stresses in the soil mass, and the additional lateral constriction effect. The significant effects of introducing one or two fully-folded geogrid layers in denser fine sand have been assessed by conducting a series of strip plate load tests. The failure modes were proposed using the finite element method under plane strain conditions. As a result, a modified expression was recommended to develop an improved soil bearing capacity with a fully folded geogrid inclusion. The predicted expression provides a good agreement with the experimental findings; therefore, the approximate error rate was approximately 7%. The bearing capacity increases more with the inclusion of a fully folded geogrid than with planar reinforcement layers. Although the ratio of the length of the geogrid concerning footing width (L/B) of 5 and 7 has the same effect on the settlement values, the significant effect is associated with fully folded geogrid layers of shorter length. The presence of fully folded geogrid reinforcement at burial depths of (u = 0.4B and d = 0.2B) below the surface of the sand layer plays a major role in reducing the vertical normal settlements and significantly improves the bearing capacity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu-Farsakh M, Chen Q, Sharma R (2013) An experimental evaluation of the behavior of footings on geosynthetic-reinforced sand. Soils Found 53:335–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.01.001
Adams MT, Collin JG (1997) Large model spread footing load tests on geosynthetic reinforced soil foundations. J Geotech Environ Eng 123(1):66–72
Ahmad H, Mahboob A, Noorzad A (2020) Scale effect study on the modulus of subgrade reaction of geogrid-reinforced soil. SN Appl SCI 2(4):394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2150-4
Ahmad H, Mahboubi A (2021) Effect of the interfacial shearing stress of soil–geogrid interaction on the bearing capacity of geogrid-reinforced sand. Innov Infrastruct Solut 6:57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00430-8
Ahmad H, Mahboubi A, Noorzad A (2021) A novel simple technique for determining the geogrid geometry affecting the bearing capacity of reinforced cohesive-frictional soil. Arab J Geosci 14:1076. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07399-3
Aria S, Shukla SK, Mohyeddin A (2019a) Tensile behaviour of geotextile reinforcement within the sandy soil supporting a loaded footing. Geothechnique Letters 19(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.18.00169
Aria S, Shukla SK, Mohyeddin A (2019b) Numerical investigation of wraparound geotextile reinforcement technique for strengthening foundation soil. Int J GeoMech 19(4):04019003
Aria S, Shukla SK, Mohyeddin A (2019c) Behavior of sandy soil reinforced with geotextile layer having partially and fully wrapped ends. Ground Improv. 1–34.https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.18.00102
ASTM D 1196 (2016) Standard test method for nonrepetitive static plate load tests of soils and flexible pavement components, for use in evaluation and design of airport and highway pavements, American Society for Testing and Material, ASTM International, Philadelphia, PA, USA
ASTM D 4595 (2011) Standard test method for tensile properties of geotextiles by the wide-width strip method, American Society for Testing and Material, ASTM International, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Avesani Neto J, Bueno B, Futai M (2013) A bearing capacity calculation method for soil reinforced with a geocell. Geosynth Int 20:129–142
Badakhshan E, Noorzad A, Zameni S (2020) Eccentrical behavior of square and circular footings resting on geogrid-reinforced sand. Inter J Geotech Eng 14(2):151–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.1425197
Basudhar PK, Dixit PM, Gharpure A, Deb K (2008) Finite element analysis of geotextile-reinforced sand-bed subjected to strip loading. Geotext Geomembranes 26(1):91–99
Benmebarek S, Djeridi S, Benmebarek N, Belounar L (2018) Improvement of bearing capacity of strip footing on reinforced sand. Int J Geotech Eng 12(6):537–545
Binquet J, Lee KL (1975) Bearing capacity analysis of reinforced earth slabs. J Geotech Eng Div 101:1257–1276
Biswas A, Krishna AM, Dash SK (2016) Behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil foundation systems supported on stiff clay subgrade. Int J Geomech 16:04016007
Brinkgreve RBJ, Broere W, Waterman D (2004) Plaxis-finite element code for soil and rock analysis. Version 8.2 Plaxis BV, The Netherlands
Chakraborty D, Kumar J (2014) Bearing capacity of strip foundations in reinforced soils. Int J Geomech 14(1):45–58.
Chen Q, Abu-Farsakh M (2015) Ultimate bearing capacity analysis of strip footings on reinforced soil foundation. Soils Found 55:74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.12.006
Chen Q, Abu-Farsakh M, Sharma R (2009) Experimental and analytical studies of reinforced crushed limestone. Geotext Geomembr 27(5):357–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.03.002
Chen RH, Huang YW, Huang FC (2013) Confinement effect of geocells on sand samples under triaxial compression. Geotext Geomembr 37:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2013.01.004
Chen J, Guo X, Sun R, Rajesh S, Jiang S, Xue J (2020) Physical and numerical modeling of strip footing on geogrid reinforced transparent sand. Geotext Geomembr. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.10.011
Chen Q (2007) An experimental study on characteristics and behavior of reinforced soil foundation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
Cicek E, Guler E, Yetimoglu T (2015) Effect of reinforcement length for different geosynthetic reinforcements on strip footing on sand soil. Soils Found 55(4):661–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.06.001
Das BM (2019) Advanced soil mechanics. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY, USA
El Sawwaf M, Nazir AK (2010) Behavior of repeatedly loaded rectangular footings resting on reinforced sand. Alex Eng J 49(4):349–356
Elwakil AZ, Azzam WR (2016) Experimental and numerical study of piled raft system. Alex Eng J 55(1):547–560
Huang C, Menq F (1997) Deep-footing and wide-slab effects in reinforced sandy ground. J of Geotech and Geoenvironm Eng 123:30–36. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:1(30)
Huang C, Tatsuoka F (1990) Bearing capacity of reinforced horizontal sandy ground. Geotext Geomembr 9:51–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-1144(90)90005-w
Huang CC (2017) Model tests on the bearing capacity of reinforced saturated sand ground. Geosynth Int 24(2):114–124
Jaiswal S, Chauhan VB (2021a) Response of strip footing resting on earth bed reinforced with geotextile with wraparound ends using finite element analysis. Innov Infrastruct Solut 6:121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00486-0
Jaiswal S, Chauhan VB (2021b) Evaluation of optimal design parameters of the geogrid reinforced foundation with wraparound ends using adaptive FEM. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 7:77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00325-3
Kazi M, Shukla SK, Habibi D (2015a) An improved method to increase the load-bearing capacity of strip footing resting on geotextile-reinforced sand bed. Indian Geotechnical Journal, India 45(1):98–109
Kazi M, Shukla SK, Habibi D (2015b) Behavior of embedded footing on geotextile reinforced sand. Ground Improvement. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.14.00022
Kolbsuzewski J (1948) General investigation of the fundamental factors controlling the loose packing of sands. In: Second International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam, Netherland, June
Kumar J, Sahoo JP (2013) Bearing capacity of strip foundations reinforced with geogrid sheets by using upper bound finite-element limit analysis. Int J Numer Anal Methods GeoMech 37(18):3258–3277
Latha GM, Dash SK, Rajagopal K (2009) Numerical simulation of the behavior of geocell reinforced sand in foundations. Int J Geomech 9:143–152
Lopes ML (2012) Soil-geosynthetic interaction, In Handbook of Geosynthetic Engineering, Geosynthetics and their applications (Shukla SK (Ed)), ICE Publishing, Thomas Telford, London, UK
Michalowski RL, Shi L (2003) Deformation patterns of reinforced foundation sand at failure. J Geotech Geoenviron 129(5):439-449
Patra S, Shahu JT (2012) Pasternak model for an oblique pullout of inextensible reinforcements. J Geotechnical Geoenvironmental Eng 138(12):1503–1513. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000720
Patra CR, Das BM, Atalar C (2005) Bearing capacity of embedded strip foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand. Geotext Geomembr 23(5):454–462
Raja MNA, Shukla SK (2020) Ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing resting on soil bed strengthened by wraparound geosynthetic reinforcement technique. Geotext Geomembranes 48:867–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.06.005
Raja MNA, Shukla SK (2021) Experimental study on repeatedly loaded foundation soil strengthened by wraparound geosynthetic reinforcement technique. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.02.001
Sharma R, Chen Q, Abu-Farsakh M, Yoon S (2009) Analytical modeling of geogrid reinforced soil foundation. Geotext Geomembr 27:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.07.002
Shukla SK (2017) An introduction to geosynthetic engineering. CRC Press
Shukla SK, Chandra S (1994) A generalized mechanical model for geosynthetic-reinforced foundation soil. Geotext Geomembr 13(12):813–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-1144(94)00018-9
Sukmak G, Sukmak P, Horpibulsuk S, Hoy M, Arulrajah A (2021) Load bearing capacity of cohesive-frictional soils reinforced with full-wraparound geotextiles: experimental and numerical investigation. Appl Sci 11(7):2973. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11072973
Terzaghi K, Peck RB (1948) Soil mechanics in engineering practice. Wiley International, New York
Terzaghi K, Peck RB, Mesri G (1996) Soil mechanics in engineering practice. John Wiley & Sons
Wayne MH, Han J, Akins K (1998) The design of geosynthetic reinforced foundations. In Geosynthetics in foundation reinforcement and erosion control systems, Boston, United States, October
Xu Y, Yan G, Williams DJ, Serati M, Scheuermann A, Vangsness T (2019) Experimental and numerical studies of a strip footing on geosynthetic-reinforced sand. Int J Phys Model Geotech 20:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.18.00021
Yamamoto K, Otani J (2001) Microscopic observation on progressive failure of reinforced foundations. Soils Found 41(1):25–37
Yetimoglu T, Wu JT, Saglamer A (1994) Bearing capacity of rectangular footings on geogrid-reinforced sand. J Geotech Eng 120(12):2083–2099
Zhou H, Wen X (2008) Model studies on geogrid-or geocell-reinforced sand cushion on soft soil. Geotext Geomembr 26(3):231–238
Zhang L, Zhao M, Shi C, Zhao H (2010) Bearing capacity of geocell reinforcement in embankment engineering. Geotext Geomembr 28(5):475–482
Zhang L, Wang J, Kaliakin VN (2020) Load-bearing characteristics of square footing on geogrid-reinforced sand subjected to repeated loading. J Cent South Univ 27:920–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-020-4341-y
Acknowledgements
The first author would like to thank the Tishreen University of Syria, the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in Iran, and Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmad, H., Mahboubi, A. & Noorzad, A. Experimental study and numerical analysis of the bearing capacity of strip footing improved by wraparound geogrid sheets. Arab J Geosci 15, 1487 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10768-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10768-1