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Cold-induced Homogenous Liquid–Liquid Extraction Performed in a Refrigerated Centrifuge Combined with Deep Eutectic Solvent-based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Extraction of Some Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Hydroxymethylfurfural from Honey Samples

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Abstract

A cold-induced-homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction method combined with deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction has been done to extract several endocrine disrupting compounds (phenol, p-chlorophenol, p-nitrophenol, octylphenol, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, butyl paraben, and bisphenol A) and hydroxymethylfurfural from honey samples before their determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In this method, two ternary deep eutectic solvents including tetrabutyl ammonium chloride: dichloroacetic acid: ethylene glycol (hydrophilic) and tetrabutyl ammonium chloride: dichloroacetic acid: decanoic (hydrophobic) acid deep eutectic solvents are prepared and used as the extraction solvents in the developed method. The analytes are extracted by a two-step extraction procedure in which they are first extracted into the hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent and then transferred into a few microliters of the hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for more concentration. In both steps, phase separation is done by centrifugation at low temperature. The method was optimized and validated and the results showed that the method had low limits of detection (0.21–0.50 ng g−1) and quantification (0.72–1.7 ng g−1), wide liner ranges, and an acceptable repeatability (relative standard deviation≤12). Lastly, the developed method was applied on different honey samples and bisphenol A, p-nitrophenol, and hydroxymethfurfural were found in some of them.

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Abbreviations

EDCs:

Endocrine disrupting compounds

BPA:

Bisphenol A

DES:

Deep eutectic solvent

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

LR:

Linear range

ER:

Extraction recovery

GC:

Gas chromatography

MS:

Mass spectrometry

HMF:

Hydroxymethylfurfural

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

EF:

Enrichment factor

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Research Council of Islamic Azad University, Sarab branch for the financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Sarab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarab, Iran

    Fatemeh Khani & J. Khandaghi

  2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh

  3. Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh

  4. Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

  5. Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

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  1. Fatemeh Khani
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Correspondence to J. Khandaghi or Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam.

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Fatemeh Khani declares that she has no conflict of interest. Jalil Khandaghi declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mir Ali Farajzadeh declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Khani, F., Khandaghi, J., Farajzadeh, M.A. et al. Cold-induced Homogenous Liquid–Liquid Extraction Performed in a Refrigerated Centrifuge Combined with Deep Eutectic Solvent-based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Extraction of Some Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Hydroxymethylfurfural from Honey Samples. Food Anal. Methods 14, 2063–2075 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02021-4

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