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Lithium Chloride Promotes Endogenous Synthesis of CLA in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

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Abstract

Although conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) can promote human health, its content in milk is insufficient to have a significant impact. The majority of the CLA in milk is produced endogenously by the mammary gland. However, research on improving its content through nutrient-induced endogenous synthesis is relatively scarce. Previous research found that the key enzyme, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) for the synthesis of CLA, can be expressed more actively in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) when lithium chloride (LiCl) is present. This study investigated whether LiCl can encourage CLA synthesis in MAC-T cells. The results showed that LiCl effectively increased SCD and proteasome α5 subunit (PSMA5) protein expression in MAC-T cells as well as the content of CLA and its endogenous synthesis index. LiCl enhanced the expression of proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and its downstream enzymes acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and Perilipin 2 (PLIN2). The addition of LiCl significantly enhanced p-GSK-3β, β-catenin, p-β-catenin protein expression, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and downregulation factor genes for mRNA expression (P < 0.05). These findings highlight that LiCl can increase the expression of SCD and PSMA5 by activating the transcription of HIF-1α, Wnt/β-catenin, and the SREBP1 signaling pathways to promote the conversion of trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) to the endogenous synthesis of CLA. This data suggests that the exogenous addition of nutrients can increase CLA content in milk through pertinent signaling pathways.

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Data are available for consultation upon request to the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge Professor Hong-Gu Lee (Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea) for generously provided MAC-T cells for cell culture assays.

Funding

This study was funded by the Jilin Provincial Department of Education (JJKH20201022KJ) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31301996).

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Author notes

  1. Jiayi Liu, **glin Shen, **xin Zong, and Dongqiao Peng contributed to the work equally and should be regarded as co-authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China

    Jiayi Liu, **glin Shen, **xin Zong, Yating Fan, Junhao Cui, Dongqiao Peng & Yongcheng **

Authors
  1. Jiayi Liu
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  2. **glin Shen
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  3. **xin Zong
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  4. Yating Fan
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  5. Junhao Cui
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  6. Dongqiao Peng
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  7. Yongcheng **
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Contributions

Conceptualization, Yongcheng ** and **glin Shen; methodology, **xin Zong; validation, **xin Zong, and Jiayi Liu; investigation, Yating Fan and Junhao Cui; resources, **glin Shen.; data curation, **xin Zong; writing—original draft preparation, Jiayi Liu; writing—review and editing, Yongcheng ** and Dongqiao Peng; visualization, Jiayi Liu; supervision, Yongcheng **,**glin Shen and Dongqiao Peng; project administration, Yongcheng **; funding acquisition, Yongcheng **. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yongcheng **.

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This study does not involve any human or animal testing.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Liu, J., Shen, J., Zong, J. et al. Lithium Chloride Promotes Endogenous Synthesis of CLA in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 202, 513–526 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03679-z

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