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Pollution levels and ecological risks of PPCPs in water and sediment samples of Danjiangkou Reservoir

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Abstract

The concentrations and distribution patterns of three typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and sediment samples obtained from Danjiangkou Reservoir during two seasonal sampling periods were studied to determine their impact on water quality. The temporal and spatial variations in concentrations measured were analyzed and related to ecological risks with data obtained during the mean-flow period (in June) and the dry period (in November). We found a high detection rate of ketoprofen (KTP) in water samples from Danjiangkou Reservoir; the concentrations ranged from not detected (ND) to 46.80 ng/L with the highest values measured in the Hanku tributary samples followed by the samples collected in the main body of Danjiangkou Reservoir. The KTP concentrations in the Danku tributary samples were the lowest measured in this study. In addition, the concentrations of KTP in the Shending River, Sihe River, Jianghe River, Guanshan River, and Jianhe River water samples were relatively high in the mean-flow period. The water sample detection rates and concentrations of triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) were low in both the mean-flow period and the dry period. All three kinds of PPCPs were detected in the sediment samples with the concentrations of KTP, TCS, and TCC ranging from 0.76 to 7.89 μg/kg, 0.01 to 0.59 μg/kg, and 0.01 to 11.36 μg/kg, respectively. Overall, the concentrations of the three measured PPCPs in the water and sediment samples were all relatively low compared to results reported in the recent literature. The dry period concentrations of PPCPs in the water samples were lower than the concentrations measured in the mean-flow period. However, dry period concentrations were higher in the sediment samples compared to those in the mean-flow period samples. Our interpretation of the spatial and temporal patterns of PPCPs in Danjiangkou Reservoir suggests that these compounds were likely mainly derived from wastewater discharge in the upper reaches of the reservoir. The risk quotient (RQ) method was used for an ecological risk assessment of the detected PPCPs in this study. We found that TCS in water and sediment posed medium ecological risks to algae at different times of the year. In view of the extreme importance of water safety in Danjiangkou Reservoir, the ecological risks of PPCPs require additional attention.

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Data availability

Due to the nature of this research, participants of this study did not agree for their data to be shared publicly, so supporting data is not available.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to all research staff that contributed to the data collection required for this study.

Funding

This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 2023AFA056), and the State-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes Basic Scientific Research Business Project of China (No. CKSF2023337/SH).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China

    Haiyang **, Chan Yu, Li Lin, **gxiang Tao & Shengfei Deng

  2. North Water Diversion Project Limited Liability Company, Danjiangkou, 442700, China

    **ghua Cheng & He Qin

  3. Innovation Team for Basin Water Environmental Protection and Governance of Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan, 430010, China

    Haiyang ** & Li Lin

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  1. Haiyang **
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  2. Chan Yu
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  3. Li Lin
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  4. **ghua Cheng
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  5. He Qin
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Contributions

Haiyang **: methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft.

Chan Yu: formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft.

Li Lin: conceptualization, resources, writing—review and editing.

**ghua Cheng: resources, investigation.

He Qin: resources, investigation.

**gxiang Tao: investigation, testing.

Shengfei Deng: investigation, testing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Li Lin.

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**, H., Yu, C., Lin, L. et al. Pollution levels and ecological risks of PPCPs in water and sediment samples of Danjiangkou Reservoir. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 30163–30173 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32739-7

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