Abstract
The study projects climate over the Upper Indus Basin (UIB), covering geographic areas in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China, under the two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), viz., RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 by the late twenty-first century using the best-fit climate model validated against the climate observations from eight meteorological stations. GFDL CM3 performed better than the other five evaluated climate models in simulating the climate of the UIB. The model bias was significantly reduced by the Aerts and Droogers statistical downscaling method, and the projections overall revealed a significant increase in temperature and a slight increase in precipitation across the UIB comprising of Jhelum, Chenab, and Indus sub-basins. According to RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the temperature and precipitation in the Jhelum are projected to increase by 3 °C and 5.2 °C and 0.8% and 3.4% respectively by the late twenty-first century. The temperature and precipitation in the Chenab are projected to increase by 3.5 °C and 4.8 °C and 8% and 8.2% respectively by the late twenty-first century under the two scenarios. The temperature and precipitation in the Indus are projected to increase by 4.8 °C and 6.5 °C and 2.6% and 8.7% respectively by the late twenty-first century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The late twenty-first century projected climate would have significant impacts on various ecosystem services and products, irrigation and socio-hydrological regimes, and various dependent livelihoods. It is therefore hoped that the high-resolution climate projections would be useful for impact assessment studies to inform policymaking for climate action in the UIB.
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Acknowledgements
The financial assistance received from the sponsors under the project is thankfully acknowledged. We gratefully acknowledge the use of the NEX-GDDP dataset prepared by the Climate Analytics Group and NASA Ames Research Center using the NASA Earth Exchange and distributed by the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS). We express our gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for the very elaborative and useful review of the manuscript which has greatly improved the quality of the manuscript.
Funding
The financial assistance received was from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India. Shakil Ahmad Romshoo received a research grant from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, under the research project titled “Centre of Excellence for Glacial Studies in Western Himalaya” under grant no. DST/CCP/COE/183/2019 (C). Jasia Bashir received financial support from DST, Government of India, under the WOS-A scheme, grant no. SR/WOS-A/EA-20/2018 (G).
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SAR conceptualized and supervised the research and wrote the manuscript with contributions from JB. JB analyzed and validated the climate simulations and downscaled the climate projections.
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Bashir, J., Romshoo, S.A. Bias-corrected climate change projections over the Upper Indus Basin using a multi-model ensemble. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 64517–64535 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26898-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26898-2