Abstract
Seedlings of ‘Shatian pummelo’ (Citrus grandis) and ‘Xuegan’ (Citrus sinensis) were supplied daily with nutrient solution at a concentration of 0.5 (control), 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 μM CuCl2 for 6 months. Thereafter, seedling growth; leaf, root, and stem levels of nutrients; leaf gas exchange; levels of pigments; chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transients and related parameters; leaf and root relative water content; levels of nonstructural carbohydrates; H2O2 production rate; and electrolyte leakage were comprehensively examined (a) to test the hypothesis that Cu directly damages root growth and function, thus impairing water and nutrient uptake and hence inhibiting shoot growth; (b) to establish whether the Cu-induced preferential accumulation of Cu in the roots is involved in Cu tolerance of Citrus; and (c) to elucidate the possible causes for the Cu-induced decrease in photosynthesis. Most of the growth and physiological parameters were greatly altered only at 300–500 μM (excess) Cu-treated seedlings. Cu supply increased the level of Cu in the roots, stems, and leaves, with a greater increase in the roots than that in the stems and leaves. Many of the fibrous roots became rotten and died under excess Cu. These findings support the hypothesis that Cu directly damages root growth and function, thus impairing water and nutrient uptake and hence inhibiting shoot growth, and the conclusion that the preferential accumulation of Cu in the roots under excess Cu is involved in the tolerance of Citrus to Cu toxicity. The lower CO2 assimilation in excess Cu-treated leaves was caused mainly by nonstomatal factors, including structural damage to thylakoids, feedback inhibition due to increased accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates, decreased uptake of water and nutrients, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and impaired photosynthetic electron transport chain. Also, we discussed the possible causes for the excess Cu-induced decrease in leaf pigments and accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates in the roots and leaves.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adrees M, Ali S, Rizwan M, Ibrahim M, Abbas F, Farid M, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Irshad MK, Bharwana SA (2015) The effect of excess copper on growth and physiology of important food crops: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:8148–8162
Alaoui-Sossé B, Genet P, Vinit-Dunand F, Toussaint ML, Epron D, Badot PM (2004) Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants and its relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and changes in ion contents. Plant Sci 166:1213–1218
Albano JP, Bowman KD, Wilson PC (2013) Differential response of Citrus rootstocks to CuEDTA concentration in sand culture. J Appl Hortic 15:81–86
Alva AK, Chen EQ (1995) Effects of external copper concentrations on uptake of trace elements by Citrus seedlings. Soil Sci 159:59–64
Alva AK, Huang B, Prakash O, Paramasivam S (1999) Effects of copper rates and soil pH on growth and nutrient uptake by Citrus seedlings. J Plant Nutr 22:1687–1699
Ambrosini VG, Rosa DJ, Basso A, Borghezan M, Pescador R, Miotto A, George de Melo WB, de Sousa Soares CRF, Comin JJ, Brunetto G (2017) Liming as an ameliorator of copper toxicity in black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.). J Plant Nutr 40:404–416
Banks JM (2017) Continuous excitation chlorophyll fluorescence parameters: a review for practitioners. Tree Physiol 37:1128–1136
Barón M, Arellano JB, López-Gorgé J (1995) Copper and photosystem II: a controversial relationship. Physiol Plant 94:174–180
Baszynski T, Tukendorf A, Ruszkowska M, Skorzynska E, Maksymieci W (1988) Characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus of copper non-tolerant spinach exposed to excess copper. J Plant Physiol 132:708–713
Borghi M, Tognetti R, Monteforti G, Sebastiani L (2007) Responses of Populus × euramericana (P. deltoides × P. nigra) clone Adda to increasing copper concentrations. Environ Exp Bot 61:66–73
Broadley M, Brown P, Cakmak I, Rengel Z, Zhao F (2012) Function of nutrients: micronutrients. In: Marschner P (ed) Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3rd edn. Academic, Amsterdam, pp 191–248
Burkhead JL, Reynolds KAG, Abdel-Ghany SE, Cohu CM, Pilon M (2009) Copper homeostasis. New Phytol 182:799–816
Cai YT, Zhang H, Qi YP, Ye X, Huang ZR, Guo JX, Chen LS, Yang LT (2019) Responses of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal metabolisms to magnesium-deficiency differ greatly among the roots, upper and lower leaves of Citrus sinensis. BMC Plant Biol 19:76
Cave G, Tolley LC, Strain BR (1981) Effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on chlorophyll content, starch content and starch grain structure in Trifolium subteraneum leaves. Physiol Plant 51:171–174
Chapman HD (1968) The mineral nutrition of Citrus. In: Reuther W, Webber HJ, Batchelor LD (eds) The Citrus industry, Division of Agricultural Sciences, vol 2. University of California, Berkeley, pp 127–189
Chen LS, Cheng L (2003) Carbon assimilation and carbohydrate metabolism of ‘Concord’ grape leaves in responses to nitrogen supply. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 128:754–760
Chen LS, Brandon RS, Cheng L (2004) CO2 assimilation, photosynthetic enzymes, and carbohydrates of ‘Concord’ grape leaves in response to iron supply. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 129:738–744
Chen LS, Qi YP, Liu XH (2005) Effects of aluminum on light energy utilization and photoprotective systems in Citrus leaves. Ann Bot 96:35–41
Chen CC, Chen YY, Tang IC, Liang HM, Lai CC, Chiou JM, Yeh KC (2011) Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 is involved in excess copper tolerance. Plant Physiol 156:2225–2234
Cheng C, Zhang SQ, Lin WJ, Chen HH, Lin F, Zhu DH, Chen LS, Li Y, Guo JX (2018) Soil copper (Cu) nutrient status and its influencing factors in pomelo orchards in **he county, Fujian Province. J Fruit Sci 35:301–310
Colzi I, Doumett S, Bubba MD, Fornaini J, Arnetoli M, Gabbrielli R, Gonnelli C (2011) On the role of the cell wall in the phenomenon of copper tolerance in Silene paradoxa L. Environ Exp Bot 72:77–83
Cuchiara CC, Silva IMC, Martinazzo EG, Braga EJB, Bacarin MA, Peters JA (2013) Chlorophyll fluorescence transient analysis in Alternanthera tenella Colla plants grown in nutrient solution with different concentrations of copper. J Agric Sci 5(8):8–16
Cuchiara CC, Silva IMC, Dalberto DS, Bacarin MA, Peters JA (2015) Chlorophyll a fluorescence in sweet potatoes under different copper concentrations. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 15:179–189
Dresler S, Hanaka A, Bednarek W, Maksymiec W (2014) Accumulation of low-molecular-weight organic acids in roots and leaf segments of Zea mays plants treated with cadmium and copper. Acta Physiol Plant 36:1565–1575
Driscoll PJ (2004) Copper toxicity on Florida Citrus—why did it happen? Proc Fla State Hort Soc 117:124–127
Fariduddin Q, Yusuf M, Hayat S, Ahmad A (2009) Effect of 28-homobrassinolide on antioxidant capacity and photosynthesis in Brassica juncea plants exposed to different levels of copper. Environ Exp Bot 66:418–424
Force L, Critchley C, van Rensen JJS (2003) New fluorescence parameters for monitoring photosynthesis in plants. 1. The effect of illumination on the fluorescence parameters of the JIP-test. Photosynth Res 78:17–33
Frankart C, Eullaffroy P, Vernet G (2002) Photosynthetic responses of Lemna minor exposed to xenobiotics, copper, and their combinations. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 53:439–445
Gajewska E, Skłodowska M (2010) Differential effect of equal copper, cadmium and nickel concentration on biochemical reactions in wheat seedlings. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73:996–1003
Greipsson S (1992) Effects of P on growth and uptake of Cu and Fe in rice grown in excess Cu. Int Rice Res Newsletter 17:19–24
Guo P, Li Q, Qi YP, Yang LT, Ye X, Chen HH, Chen LS (2017) Sulfur-mediated-alleviation of aluminum-toxicity in Citrus grandis seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 18:2570
Guo P, Qi YP, Cai YT, Yang TY, Yang LT, Huang ZR, Chen LS (2018) Aluminum effects on photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal detoxification in two Citrus species differing in aluminum tolerance. Tree Physiol 38:1548–1565
Han S, Chen LS, Jiang HX, Smith BR, Yang LT, **e CY (2008) Boron deficiency decreases growth and photosynthesis, and increases starch and hexoses in leaves of Citrus seedlings. J Plant Physiol 165:1331–1341
Han S, Tang N, Jiang HX, Yang LT, Li Y, Chen LS (2009) CO2 assimilation, photosystem II photochemistry, carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant system of Citrus leaves in response to boron stress. Plant Sci 176:143–153
Hippler FW, Cipriano DO, Boaretto RM, Quaggio JA, Gaziola SA, Azevedo RA, Mattos-Jr D (2016) Citrus rootstocks regulate the nutritional status and antioxidant system of trees under copper stress. Environ Exp Bot 130:42–52
Hippler FWR, Boaretto RM, Dovis VL, Quaggio JA, Azevedo RA, Mattos-Jr D (2018a) Oxidative stress induced by Cu nutritional disorders in Citrus depends on nitrogen and calcium availability. Sci Rep 8:1641
Hippler FWR, Petená G, Boaretto RM, Quaggio JA, Azevedo RA, Mattos-Jr D (2018b) Mechanisms of copper stress alleviation in Citrus trees after metal uptake by leaves or roots. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:13134–13146
Jiang HX, Chen LS, Zheng JG, Han S, Tang N, Smith BR (2008) Aluminum-induced effects on photosystem II photochemistry in Citrus leaves assessed by the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. Tree Physiol 28:1863–1871
Kastori R, Petrović M, Petrović N (1992) Effect of excess lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc on water relations in sunflower. J Plant Nutr 15:2427–2439
Kevat NV, Sharma PK (2016) Photosynthesis in copper mediated plant is affected due to oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Int J Rec Sci Res 7:14009–14015
Kopittke PM, Asher CJ, Blamey FPC, Menzies NW (2009) Toxic effects of Cu2+ on growth, nutrition, root morphology, and distribution of Cu in roots of Sabi grass. Sci Total Environ 407:4616–4621
Kowalenko CG, Lavkulich LM (1976) A modified curcumin method for boron analysis of soil extracts. Can J Soil Sci 56:537–539
Kuhns LJ, Sydnor TD (1976) Copper toxicity in woody ornamentals. J Arboric 2:68–72
Lequeux H, Hermans C, Lutts S, Verbruggen N (2010) Response to copper excess in Arabidopsis thaliana: impact on the root system architecture, hormone distribution, lignin accumulation and mineral profile. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:673–682
Li Y, Han MQ, Lin F, Ten Y, Lin J, Zhu DH, Guo P, Weng YB, Chen LS (2015) Soil chemical properties, ‘Guanximiyou’ pummelo leaf mineral nutrient status and fruit quality in the southern region of Fujian province, China. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 15:615–628
Liao XY, Yang LT, Lu YB, Ye X, Chen LS (2015) Roles of rootstocks and scions in aluminum-tolerance of Citrus. Acta Physiol Plant 37:1743
Lichtenthaler HK (1987) Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol 148:350–382
Lin ZH, Chen LS, Chen RB, Zhang FZ, Jiang HX, Tang N (2009) CO2 assimilation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, carbohydrates and photosynthetic electron transport probed by the JIP-test, of tea leaves in response to phosphorus supply. BMC Plant Biol 9:43
Liu CS, Sun BY, Kan SH, Zhang YZ, Deng SH, Yang G (2011) Copper toxicity and accumulation in potted seedlings of three apple rootstock species: implications for safe fruit production on copper-polluted soils. J Plant Nutr 34:1268–1277
Long A, Zhang J, Yang LT, Ye X, Lai NW, Tan LL, Lin D, Chen L (2017) Effects of low pH on photosynthesis, related physiological parameters and nutrient profile of Citrus. Front Plant Sci 8:185
Lou LQ, Shen ZG, Li XD (2004) The copper tolerance mechanisms of Elsholtzia haichowensis, a plant from copper-enriched soils. Environ Exp Bot 51:111–120
Nikiforova VJ, Kopka J, Tolstikov V, Fieh O, Hopkins L, Hawkesford MJ, Hesse H, Hoefgen R (2005) Systems rebalancing of metabolism in response to sulfur deprivation, as revealed by metabolome analysis of Arabidopsis plants. Plant Physiol 138:304–318
Nishizono H, Ichikawa H, Suziki S, Ishii F (1987) The role of the root cell wall in the heavy metal tolerance of Athyrium yokoscense. Plant Soil 101:15–20
Noreen S, Akhter MS, Yaamin T, Arfan M (2018) The ameliorative effects of exogenously applied proline on physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under copper stress condition. J Plant Interact 13:221–230
Ohki K (1976) Effect of zinc nutrition on photosynthesis and carbonic anhydrase activity in cotton. Physiol Plant 38:300–304
Ouzounidou G, Ilias I (2005) Hormone-induced protection of sunflower photosynthetic apparatus against copper toxicity. Biol Plant 49:223–228
Ouzounidou G, Ciamporova M, Moustakas M, Karataglis S (1995) Responses of maize (Zea mays L.) plants to copper stress. Growth, mineral content and ultrastructure of roots. Environ Exp Bot 35:167–176
Ouzounidou G, Moustakas M, Strasser RJ (1997) Sites of action of copper in the photosynthetic apparatus of maize leaves: kinetic analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence, oxygen evolution, absorption changes and thermal dissipation as monitored by photoacoustic signals. Aust J Plant Physiol 24:81–90
Ouzounidou G, Ilias I, Tranopoulou H, Karataglis S (1998) Amelioration of copper toxicity by iron on spinach physiology. J Plant Nutr 21:2089–2101
Pätsikkä E, Kairavuo M, Šeršen F, Aro EM, Tyystjärvi E (2002) Excess copper predisposes photosystem II to photoinhibition in vivo by outcompeting iron and causing decrease in leaf chlorophyll. Plant Physiol 129:1359–1367
Pereira WE, de Siqueira DL, Martínez CA, Puiatti M (2000) Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in four Citrus rootstocks under aluminium stress. J Plant Physiol 157:513–520
Raldugina GN, Krasavina MS, Lunkova NF, Burmistrova NA (2016) Resistance of plants to Cu stress: transgenesis. In: Ahmad P (ed) Plant metal interaction. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 69–114
Ramalho JC, Rebelo MC, Santos ME, Antunes ML, Nunes MA (1995) Effects of calcium deficiency on Coffea arabica. Nutrient changes and correlation of calcium levels with some photosynthetic parameters. Plant Soil 172:87–96
Reuther W, Smith PF, Scudder GK Jr (1953) Relation of pH and soil type to toxicity of copper to Citrus seedlings. Proc Florida St Hort Soc 66:73–80
Roy SK, Cho SW, Kwon SJ, Kamal AHM, Lee DG, Sarker K, Lee MS, **n Z (2017) Proteome characterization of copper stress responses in the roots of sorghum. BioMetals 30:765–785
Sánchez-Pardo B, Fernández-Pascual M, Zornoza P (2014) Copper microlocalisation and changes in leaf morphology, chloroplast ultrastructure and antioxidative response in white lupin and soybean grown in copper excess. J Plant Res 127:119–129
Sang W, Huang Z, Yang L, Guo P, Ye X, Chen LS (2017) Effects of high toxic boron concentration on protein profiles in roots of two Citrus species differing in boron-tolerance revealed by a 2-DE based MS approach. Front Plant Sci 8:180
Sheen J (1994) Feedback control of gene expression. Photosynth Res 39:427–438
Srivastava A, Guisse B, Greppin H, Strasser RJ (1997) Regulation of antenna structure and electron transport in photosystem II of Pisum sativum under elevated temperature probed by the fast polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence transient: OKJIP. Biochim Biophys Acta 1320:95–106
Strasser RJ, Tsimilli-Micheal M, Srivastava A (2004) Analysis of the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. In: Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (eds) Chlorophyll a fluorescence: a signature of photosynthesis. Springer, Berlin, pp 321–362
Tang N, Li Y, Chen LS (2012) Magnesium deficiency-induced impairment of photosynthesis in leaves of fruiting Citrus reticulata trees accompanied by up-regulation of antioxidant metabolism to avoid photo-oxidative damage. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 175:784–793
Toselli M, Baldi E, Marcolini G, Malaguti D, Quartieri M, Sorrenti G, Marangoni B (2008) Response of potted pear trees to increasing copper concentration in sandy and clay-loam soils. J Plant Nutr 31:2089–2104
Vinit-Dunand F, Epron D, Alaoui-Sossé B, Badot PM (2002) Effects of copper on growth and on photosynthesis of mature and expanding leaves in cucumber plants. Plant Sci 163:53–58
Xu Q, Chen LL, Ruan X, Chen D, Zhu A, Chen C, Bertrand D, Jiao WB, Hao BH, Lyon MP, Chen J, Gao S, **ng F, Lan H, Chang JW, Ge X, Lei Y, Hu Q, Miao Y, Wang L, **ao S, Biswas MK, Zeng W, Guo F, Cao H, Yang X, Xu XW, Cheng YJ, Xu J, Liu JH, Luo OJ, Tang Z, Guo WW, Kuang H, Zhang HY, Roose ML, Nagarajan N, Deng XX, Ruan Y (2013) The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Nat Genet 45:59–66
Yang LT, Jiang HX, Tang N, Chen LS (2011) Mechanisms of aluminum-tolerance in two species of Citrus: secretion of organic acid anions and immobilization of aluminum by phosphorus in roots. Plant Sci 180:521–530
Yruela I (2009) Copper in plants: acquisition, transport and interactions. Funct Plant Biol 36:409–430
Yuan M, Li YF, Zhang CB, Wang JX, Li SJ, Fu XZ, Lin LL, Cao L, Peng LZ (2018) Review of research on copper in Citrus. J Fruit Sci 35:347–357
Zambrosi FCB, Mesquita GL, Tanaka FAO, Quaggio JA, Mattos-Jr D (2013) Phosphorus availability and rootstock affect copper-induced damage to the root ultra-structure of Citrus. Environ Exp Bot 95:25–33
Zhang J, Li Q, Qi YP, Huang WL, Yang LT, Lai NW, Ye X, Chen LS (2018) Low pH-responsive proteins revealed by a 2-DE based MS approach and related physiological responses in Citrus leaves. BMC Plant Biol 18:188
Zhao D, Oosterhuis DM, Bednarz CW (2001) Influence of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast ultrastructure of cotton plants. Photosynthetica 39:103–109
Zheng Y, Wang L, Dixon MA (2004) Response to copper toxicity for three ornamental crops in solution culture. HortScience 39:1116–1120
Zhou CP, Li CP, Liang WW, Guo P, Yang LT, Chen LS (2017) Identification of manganese-toxicity-responsive genes in roots of two Citrus species differing in manganese-tolerance using cDNA-AFLP. Trees Struct Funct 31:813–831
Funding
This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD1000305) and the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS-27).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Gangrong Shi
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOC 13925 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Q., Chen, HH., Qi, YP. et al. Excess copper effects on growth, uptake of water and nutrients, carbohydrates, and PSII photochemistry revealed by OJIP transients in Citrus seedlings. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 30188–30205 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06170-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06170-2