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Diabetic Retinopathy

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Diabetes and Kidney Disease

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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a universal disease with significant increase in incidence among all regions of the world and in all races, ages, and sexes over the last several decades. If the same outburst of the disease continues, it is estimated that there will be over 350 million diabetics worldwide in 2030. More than 30% of diabetic patients have some form of diabetic eye disease, mostly diabetic retinopathy (DR). Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of preventable blindness among figure individuals of working age and a major cause of vision loss in the elderly population. Visual loss develops secondary to impediments of DR such as diabetic macular edema and ischemia, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Glaucoma, another common cause of blindness, also occurs more often in diabetics and carries a worse prognosis compared to non-diabetics.

Although, the pathogenesis is not completely understood, diabetes is a widespread microangiopathy associated with pericyte-deficient small vessels and “deforming” capillaries that gradually interfere with the circulation throughout the body. For example, the retinal and glomerular vessels are both affected with microangiopathy in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and present similar morphologic alterations. In DR, capillary degeneration and occlusion initially happen in isolated channels without clinical significance. Later however, more capillaries become occluded and the circulation is disrupted, and the retina eventually becomes ischemic and it leads to major ocular complications.

In addition to pathogenic and epidemiologic aspects of the disease, this chapter covers the up-to-date methods to diagnose, monitor, and treat DR.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Azin Abazari

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, The Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, The Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

    Nicola G. Ghazi

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Zeynel A. Karcioglu

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  1. Azin Abazari
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  2. Nicola G. Ghazi
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  3. Zeynel A. Karcioglu
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago/Advocate Christ Medical Center,, Oak Lawn, IL, USA

    Edgar V. Lerma

  2. Nephrology Section, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Vecihi Batuman

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Abazari, A., Ghazi, N.G., Karcioglu, Z.A. (2022). Diabetic Retinopathy. In: Lerma, E.V., Batuman, V. (eds) Diabetes and Kidney Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86020-2_17

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