Abstract
Of late, valorization of agri-food industrial wastes and by-products and their sustainable utilization is gaining much contemplation world over. Globally, ‘Zero Waste Concept’ is promoted with the main emphasis laid toward the generation of minimal wastes and maximal utilization of plant-based agri-food raw materials. One of the wastes/by-products in the agri-food industry is the lignin, which occurs as lignocellulosic biomass. This biomass is deliberated to be an environmental pollutant as they offer resistance to natural biodegradation. Safe disposal of this biomass is often considered a major challenge, especially in low-income countries. Hence, the application of modern technologies to effectively reduce these types of wastes and maximize their potential use/applications is vital in the present-day scenario. Nevertheless, in some of the high-income countries, attempts have been made to efficiently utilize lignin as a source of fuel, as a raw material in the paper industry, as a filler material in biopolymer-based packaging, and for producing bioethanol. However, as of today, agri-food industrial applications remain significantly underexplored. Chemically, lignin is heterogeneous, biopolymeric, and a polyphenolic compound, which is present naturally in plants, providing mechanical strength and rigidity. Reports are available wherein purified lignin is established to possess therapeutic values and are rich in antioxidants, antimicrobial, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic properties, etc. This chapter is divided into four sub-categories focusing on various technological aspects related to isolation and characterization of lignin, established uses of lignin, proved bioactivities and therapeutic potentials of lignin, and finally on identifying the existing research gaps followed by future recommendations for potential use from agri-food industrial wastes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abo BO, Gao M, Wang Y, Wu C, Ma H, Wang Q (2019) Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol: an overview on pre-treatment, hydrolysis and fermentation processes. Rev Environ Health 34(1):57–68
Agarwal A, Rana M, Park JH (2018) Advancement in technologies for the depolymerization of lignin. Fuel Process Technol 181:115–132
Andrei G, Lisco A, Vanpouille C, Introini A et al (2011) Topical tenofovir, a microbicide effective against HIV, inhibits herpes simplex virus-2 replication. Cell Host Microbe 10:379–389
AwungachaLekelefac C, Busse N, Herrenbauer M, Czermak P (2015) Photocatalytic based degradation processes of lignin derivatives. Int J Photoenergy 12:1–18
Azadfar M, Gao AH, Bule MV, Chen S (2015) Structural characterization of lignin: a potential source of antioxidants guaiacol and 4-vinylguaiacol. Int J Biol Macromol 75:58–66
Baker DA, Gallego NC, Baker FS (2012) On the characterization and spinning of organic purified lignin toward the manufacture of low-cost carbon fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 124:227–334
Barana D, Ali SD, Salanti A, Orlandi M, Castellani L, Hanel T, Zoia L (2016) Influence of lignin features on thermal stability and mechanical properties of natural rubber compounds. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:5258–5267
Barapatre A, Aadil KR, Tiwary BN, Jha H (2015) In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of biomodified lignin from Acacia nilotica wood. Int J Biol Macromol 75:81–89
Barapatre A, Meena AS, Mekala S, Das A, Jha H (2016) In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of lignin fractions extracted from Acacia nilotica. Int J Biol Macromol 86:443–453
Barclay LRC, ** F, Norris JQ (1997) Antioxidant properties of phenolic lignin model compounds. J Wood Chem Technol 17(1–2):73–90
Baumberger S, Lapierre C, Monties B, Lourdin D, Colonna B (1997) Preparation and properties of thermally moulded and cast lignosulfonates-starch blends. Ind Crops Prod 6:253–258
Baurhoo B, Ruiz-Feria CA, Zhaoa X (2008) Purified lignin: nutritional and health impacts on farm animals-A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 144:175–184
Begum AN, Nicolle C, Mila I, Lapierre C, Nagano K, Fukushima K, Heinonen S-M, Adlercreutz H, Remesy C, Scalbert A (2004) Dietary lignins are precursors of mammalian lignans in rats. J Nutr 134:120–127
Belicová A, Krajcovic J, Krizková L et al (2000) Anti-UV activity of lignin biopolymers on Euglena gracilis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 16:91–93
Bhat R, Abdullah N, Din RH, Tay G-S (2013) Producing novel sago starch-based food packaging films by incorporating lignin isolated from oil palm black liquor waste. J Food Eng 119:707–713
Browning WC (1955) Lignosulfonate stabilized emulsions in oil well drilling fluids. J Petrol Technol 7:9–15
Bruijnincx PCA, Weckhuysen BM (2014) Biomass conversion: lignin up for break-down. Nat Chem 6:1035–1036
Bugg TDH, Rahmanpour R (2015) Enzymatic conversion of lignin into renewable chemicals. Curr Opin Chem Biol 29:10–17
Bunzel M, Ralph J, Lu F, Hatfield RD, Steinhart H (2004) Lignins and ferulate-coniferyl alcohol cross-coupling products in cereal grains. J Agric Food Chem 52:6496–6502
Calgeris I, Cakmakci E, Ogan A, Kahraman MV, Kayaman-Apohan N (2012) Preparation and drug release properties of lignin– starch biodegradable films. Starch/Starke 64:399–407
Castro RCA, Ferreira IS, Roberto IC, Mussatto SI (2019) Isolation and physicochemical characterization of different lignin streams generated during the second-generation ethanol production process. Int J Biol Macromol 129:497–510
Cateto CA, Barreiro MF, Ottati C, Lopretti M, Rodrigues AE, Belgacem MN (2014) Lignin-based rigid polyurethane foams with improved biodegradation. J Cell Plast 50:81–95
Chen F, Xu M, Wang L, Li J (2011) Preparation and characterization of organic aerogels by the lignin-resorcinol-formaldehyde copolymer. BioResources 6:1262–1272
Chen Y, Zheng K, Niu L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wang C, Chu F (2019) Highly mechanical properties nanocomposite hydrogels with biorenewable lignin nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 128:414–420
Chen Z, Wan C (2017) Biological valorization strategies for converting lignin into fuels and chemicals. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 73:610–621
Crestini C, Crucianelli M, Orlandi M, Saladino R (2010) Oxidative strategies in lignin chemistry: a new environmental friendly approach for the functionalisation of lignin and lignocellulosic fibers. Catal Today 156:8–22
Cruz JM, Dominguez JM, Dominguez H, Parajo JC (2001) Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of extracts from hydrolysates of lignocellulosic materials. J Agric Food Chem 2001(49):2459–2464
Curvello R, Raghuwanshi VS, Garnier G (2019) Engineering nanocellulose hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 267:47–61
Dizhbite T, Telysheva G, Jurkjane V, Viesturs U (2004) Characterization of the radical scavenging activity of lignins-natural antioxidants. Bioresour Technol 95:309–317
Doherty WOS, Mousavioun P, Fellows CM (2011) Value-adding to cellulosic ethanol: lignin polymers. Ind Crops Prod 33:259–276
Dong X, Dong M, Lu Y, Turley A, ** T, Wu C (2011) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of lignin from residue of corn stover to ethanol production. Ind Crops Prod 34:1629–1634
Du XY, Li LB, Lindström ME (2014) Modification of industrial softwood kraft lignin using Mannich reaction with and without phenolation pre-treatment. Ind Crops Prod 52:729–735
El-Zawawy WK (2005) Preparation of hydrogel from green polymer. Polym Adv Technol 16:48–54
Espinoza-Acosta JL, Torres-Chávez PI, Ramírez-Wong B et al (2016) Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic properties of technical lignins and their applications. BioResources 11:5452–5481
Faustino H, Gil N, Baptista C, Duarte AP (2010) Antioxidant activity of lignin phenolic compounds extracted from kraft and sulphite black liquors. Molecules 15:9308–9322
Fernandes EM, Pires RA, Mano JF, Reis RL (2013) Bionanocomposites from lignocellulosic resources: properties, applications and future trends for their use in the biomedical field. Prog Polym Sci 38:1415–1441
Fierro CM, Gorka J, Zazo JA, Rodriguez JJ, Ludwinowicz J, Jaroniec M (2013) Colloidal templating synthesis and adsorption characteristics of microporous–mesoporous carbons from Kraft lignin. Carbon 62:233–239
Figueiredo P, Ferro C, Kemell M et al (2017a) Functionalization of carboxylated lignin nanoparticles for targeted and pH-responsive delivery of anticancer drugs. Nanomedicine 12(21):2581–2596
Figueiredo P, Lintinen K, Kiriazis A, Hynninen V, Liu Z, Bauleth-Ramos T et al (2017b) In vitro evaluation of biodegradable lignin-based nanoparticles for drug delivery and enhanced antiproliferation effect in cancer cells. Biomaterials 121:97–108
Figueiredo P, Lintinen K, Hirvonen JT, Kostiainen MA, Santos HA (2018) Properties and chemical modifications of lignin: towards lignin-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Prog Mater Sci 93:233–269
Frangville C, Rutkevicius M, Richter AP, Velev OD, Stoyanov SD, Paunov VN (2012) Fabrication of environmentally biodegradable lignin nanoparticles. ChemPhysChem 13:4235–4243
Gabov K, Oja T, Deguchi T, Fallarero A, Fardim P (2017) Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial application of hybrid cellulose-lignin beads. Cellulose 24:641–658
Galkin MV, Samec JS (2016) Lignin valorization through catalytic lignocellulose fractionation: a fundamental platform for the future biorefinery. Chemsuschem 9:1544–1558
García A, Toledano A, Andrés MÁ, Labidi J (2010) Study of the antioxidant capacity of Miscanthus sinensis lignins. Process Biochem 45:935–940
Gil-Chávez GJ, Padhi SSP, Pereira CV et al (2019) Cytotoxicity and biological capacity of sulfur-free lignins obtained in novel biorefining process. Int J Biol Macromol 136:697–703
Gong N, Yang D, ** G, Liu S, Du G, Lu Y (2019) Structure, characterization, solubility and stability of podophyllotoxin polymorphs. J Mol Struct 1195:323–330
Guerrero E, Abad A, Montenegro G, del Olmo E, López-Pérez JS, Feliciano AS (2013) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of podophyllotoxin derivatives. J Pharm Biol 51(5):566–572
Gyawali R, Ibrahim SA (2014) Natural products as antimicrobial agents. Food Control 46:412–429
Hasegawa Y, Kadota Y, Hasegawa C, Kawiminami S (2015) Lignosulfonic acid-induced inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 61:449–454
Hasnaoui N, Wathelet B, Jiménez-Araujo A (2014) Valorization of pomegranate peel from 12 cultivars: dietary fibre composition, antioxidant capacity and functional properties. Food Chem 160:196–203
He ZW, He LH, Yang J, Lu QF (2013) Removal and recovery of Au (iii) from aqueous solution using a low-cost lignin-based biosorbent. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:4103–4138
Henry BL, Desai UR (2014) Sulfated low molecular weight lignins, Allosteric inhibitors of coagulation proteinases via the heparin binding site, significantly alter the active site of thrombin and factor xa compared to heparin. Thromb Res 134:1123–1129
Huang C, Tang S, Zhang W, Tao Y, Lai C, Li X, Yong Q (2018) unveiling the structural properties of lignin–carbohydrate complexes in bamboo residues and its functionality as antioxidants and immunostimulants. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 69:12522–12531
Hui L, Lincai P (2015) Antimicrobial and antioxidant surface modification of cellulose fibers using layer-by-layer deposition on chitosan and lignosulfonates. Carbohydr Polym 124:35–42
Jaganathan G, Manivannan K, Lakshmanan S, Sithique MA (2018) Fabrication and characterization of Artocarpus heterophyllus waste derived lignin added chitosan biocomposites for wound dressing application. Sustain Chem Pharm 10:27–32
Jonglertjunya W, Juntong T, Pakkang N, Srimarut N, Sakdaronnarong C (2014) Properties of lignin extracted from sugarcane bagasse and its efficacy in maintaining postharvest quality of limes during storage. LWT Food Sci Technol 57:116–125
Kai D, Jiang S, Low ZW, Loh XJ (2015) Engineering highly stretchable lignin-based electrospun nanofibers for potential biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 3:6194–6204
Kaur R, Uppal SK, Sharma P (2017) Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of sugarcane bagasse lignin and chemically modified lignin. Sugar Technol 19:675–680
Kim D (2018) Physico-chemical conversion of lignocellulose: inhibitor effects and detoxification strategies: a mini review. Mol (Basel, Switzerland), 23(2):309. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020309
Kim JS, Lee YY, Kim TH (2016) A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 199:42–48
Kim KH, Dutta T, Sun J, Simmons B, Singh S (2018) Biomass pretreatment using deep eutectic solvents from lignin derived phenols. Green Chem 20:809–815
Klapiszewski L, Nowacka M, Milczarek G, Jesionowski T (2013) Physicochemical and electrokinetic properties of silica/lignin biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 94:345–355
Korbag I, Saleh SM (2014) Extraction of lignin from paper industry waste. Int J Appl Eng Res 9:19421–19428
Kubo S, Kadla JF (2005) Hydrogen bonding in lignin: a fourier transform infrared model compound study. Biomacromol 6:2815–2821
Lee E, Lee S (2014) Fabrication of lignin nanofibers using electrospinning. J Korean Soc Clothing Text 38:372–385
Lee JB, Yamagishi C, Hayashi K, Hayashi T (2011) Antiviral and immunostimulating effects of lignin-carbohydrate-protein complexes from Pimpinellaanisum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 75(3):459–465
Lee SC, Thu Tran TM, Choi JW, Won K (2019) Lignin for white natural sunscreens. Int J Biol Macromol 122:549–554
Li H-L, She D, Peng P, Xu Q, Liu J-K, Zhang X-M, Geng Z-C (2017) Optimizing extraction and structural characterization of organosolv lignin from wheat straw. Cellul Chem Technol 51:433–445
Li Z, Ge Y (2012) Antioxidant activities of lignin extracted from sugarcane bagasse via different chemical procedures. Int J Biol Macromol 51:1116–1120
Liu D, Yan X, Si M, Deng X, Min X, Shi Y, Chai L (2019) Bioconversion of lignin into bioplastics by Pandoraea sp. B-6: molecular mechanism. Environ Sci Pollut Res 3:2761–2770
Lora JH, Glasser WG (2002) Recent industrial applications of lignin: a sustainable alternative to non-renewable materials. J Polym Environ 10:39–48
Lou HM, Zhou HF, Li XL, Wang MX, Zhu JY, Qiu XQ (2014) Understanding the effects of lignosulfonate on enzymatic saccharification of pure cellulose. Cellulose 21:1352–1359
Lou HM, Zhu JY, Lan TQ, Lai HR, Qiu XQ (2013) pH-induced lignin surface modification to reduce nonspecific cellulase binding and enhance enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses. Chemsuschem 6:919–927
Lu FJ, Chu LH, Gau RJ (1998) Free radical-scavenging properties of lignin. Nutr Cancer 30:31–38
Luo X, **ao Y, Wu Q, Zeng J (2018) Development of high-performance biodegradable rigid polyurethane foams using all bioresource-based polyols: lignin and soy oil derived polyols. Int J Biol Macromol 115:786–791
Lupoi JS, Singh S, Parthasarathi R, Simmons BA, Henry RJ (2015) Recent innovations in analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of lignin. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 49:871–906
Mansfield SD (2009) Solutions for dissolution-engineering cell walls for deconstruction. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20:286–294
Marulasiddeshwara MB, Dakshayani SS, Sharath Kumar MN et al (2017) Facile-one pot-green synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antiplatelet activities of lignin capped silver nanoparticles: a promising therapeutic agent. Mater Sci Eng, C 81:182–190
Matsuhisa K, Yamane S, Okamoto T, Watari A, Kondoh M et al (2015) Anti-HCV effect of Lentinula edodes mycelia solid culture extracts and low-molecular-weight lignin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 462:52–57
Medina JDC, Woiciechowski AL, Filho AZ et al (2016) Biological activities and thermal behavior of lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches as potential source of chemicals of added value. Ind Crops Prod 94:630–637
Mehta AY, Mohammed BM, Martin EJ, Brophy DF, Gailani D, Desai UR (2016) Allosterism-based simultaneous, dual anticoagulant and antiplatelet action. Allosteric inhibitor targeting the glycoprotein ibα and heparin-binding site of thrombin. J Thromb Haemost 14:828–838
Meister JJ (2007) Modification of lignin. J Macromol Sci Part C: Polym Rev 42(2):235–289
Mishra PK, Ekielski A (2019) The self-assembly of lignin and its application in nanoparticle synthesis: a short review. Nanomaterials (Basel) 9(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020243 (in press)
Mishra PK, Wimmer R (2017) Aerosol assisted self-assembly as a route to synthesize solid and hollow spherical lignin colloids and its utilization in layer by layer deposition. Ultrason Sonochem 35:45–50
Mitjans M, Vinardell MP (2005) Biological activity and health benefits of lignans and lignins. Trends Comp Biochem Physiol 11:55–62
Monien BH, Henry BL, Raghuraman A, Hindle M, Desai UR (2006) Novel chemo-enzymatic oligomers of cinnamic acids as direct and indirect inhibitors of coagulation proteinases. Bioorg Med Chem 14:7988–7998
Mulder WJ, Gosselink RJA, Vingerhoeds MH, Harmsen PFH, Eastham D (2011) Lignin based controlled release coatings. Ind Crops Prod 34:915–920
Nada AMA, El-Diwanya AI, Elshafei AM (1989) Infrared and antimicrobial studies on different lignins. Acta Biotechnol 9(3):295–298
Naegelem H, Pfitzer J, Zieglerm L, Inone-Kauffmann ER, Eisenreich N (2016) Applications of lignin materials and their composites. In: Faruk O, Sain M (eds) Lignin in polymer composites. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, pp 233–244
Nagaraju DH, Rebis T, Gabrielsson R, Elfwing A, Milczarek G, Inganäs O (2014) Charge storage capacity of renewable biopolymer/conjugated polymer interpenetrating networks enhanced by electroactive dopants. Adv Energy Mater 4:1–7
Nakashima H, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Sakagami H, Tanuma S et al (1992) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency viral replication by tannins and related compounds. Antiviral Res 18:91–103
Nar M, Rizvi HR, Dixon RA, Chen F, Kovalcik A, D’Souza N (2016) Superior plant based carbon fibers from electrospun poly-(caffeyl alcohol) lignin. Carbon 103:372–383
Nimz H (1974) Beech lignin-proposal of a constitutional scheme. Angew Chem Int Edn 13:313–321
Norikura T, Mukai Y, Fujita S, Mikame K, Funaoka M, Sato S (2010) Lignophenols decrease oleate-induced apolipoprotein-B secretion in HepG2 cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 107:813–817
Núñez-Flores R, Giménez B, Fernández-Martín F, López-Caballero ME, Montero MP, Gómez-Guillén MC (2013) Physical and functional characterization of active fish gelatin films incorporated with lignin. Food Hydrocolloids 30:163–172
Oh-Hara T, Sakagami H, Kawazoe Y, Kaiya T, Komatsu N, Ohsawa N et al (1990) Antimicrobial spectrum of lignin-related pine cone extracts of Pinus parviflora Sieb. et Zucc. In Vivo 4:7–12
Ojagh SM, Núñez-Flores R, López-Caballero ME, Montero MP, Gómez-Guillén MC (2011) Lessening of high-pressure-induced changes in Atlantic salmon muscle by the combined use of a fish gelatine lignin film. Food Chem 125(2):595–606
Ou S, Kwok KC (2004) Ferulic acid: pharmaceutical functions, preparation and applications in foods. J Sci Food Agric 84:1261–1269
Pan X, Kadla JF, Ehara K, Gilkes N, Saddler JN (2006) Organosolv ethanol lignin from hybrid poplar as a radical scavenger: relationship between lignin structure, extraction conditions, and antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 54:5806–5813
Paszner L, Cho HJ (1989) Organosolv pul**: acidic catalysis options and their effect on fiber quality and delignification. Tappi J 72:135–142
Peng Z, Chen F (2011) Synthesis and properties of lignin-based polyurethane hydrogels. Int J Polym Mater 60:674–683
Peng Y, Nicastro KH, Epps TH, Wu C (2018) Evaluation of estrogenic activity of novel bisphenol a alternatives, four bioinspired bisguaiacol of specimens, by in vitro assays. J Agric Food Chem 6644:11775–11783
Pereira FM, Gonçalves AR, Ferraz A, Silva FT, Oliveira SC (2003) Estimation of solubility effect on the herbicide controlled-release kinetics from lignin-based formulations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 108:913–919
Popaa VI, Dumitrua M, Volf I, Anghelb N (2008) Lignin and polyphenols as allelochemicals. Ind Crops Prod 27:144–149
Pouteau C, Cathala B, Dole P, Kurek B, Monties B (2005) Structural modification of Kraft lignin after acid treatment: characterization of the apolar extracts and the influence on the antioxidant properties in polypropylene. Ind Crops Prod 21:101–108
Pouteau C, Dole P, Cathala B, Averous L, Boquillon N (2003) Antioxidant properties of lignin in polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 81:9–18
Priefert H, Babenhorst J, Steinbuchel A (2001) Biotechnological production of vanillin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56(3–4):296–314
Pucciariello R, D’Auria M, Villani V, Shulga G (2010) Lignin/poly (ε-caprolactone) blends with tuneable mechanical properties prepared by high-energyball-milling. J Environ Polym Degrad 18:326–334
Qian Y, Qiu X, Zhu S (2015) Lignin: a nature-inspired sun blocker for broad spectrum sunscreens. Green Chem 17:320–324
Qu L, Chen JB, Zhang GJ, Sun SQ, Zheng J (2017) Chemical profiling and adulteration screening of Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 174:177–182
Ragauskas AJ, Beckham GT, Biddy MJ, Chandra R et al (2014) Lignin valorization: improving lignin processing in the biorefinery. Science 344:709–720
Richter AP, Bharti B, Armstrong HB, Brown JS, Plemmons D, Paunov VN, Stoyanov SD, Velev OD (2016) Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable lignin nanoparticles with tunable surface properties. Langmuir 32(25):6468–6477
Rinaldi R, Jastrzebski R, Clough MT et al (2016) Paving the way for lignin valorisation: recent advances in bioengineering, biorefining and catalysis. Angew Chem Int Edn 55:8164–8215
Ro D, Shafaghat H, Jang SH et al (2019) Production of an upgraded lignin-derived bio-oil using the clay catalysts of bentonite and olivine and the spent FCC in a bench-scale fixed bed pyrolyzer. Environ Res 172:658–664
Rodríguez A, Jiménez L (2008) Pul** with organic solvents other than alcohols. Afinidad 65:88–196
Sadeghifar H, Argyropoulos DS (2015) Correlations of the antioxidant properties of softwood kraft lignin fractions with the thermal stability of its blends with polyethylene. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:349–356
Sakagami H, Hashimoto K, Suzuki F, Ogiwara T, Satoh K et al (2005) Molecular requirements of lignin-carbohydrate complexes for expression of unique biological activities. Phytochemistry 66:2108–2120
Sakagami H, Satoh K, Fukamachi H, Ikarashi T, Shimizu A et al (2008) Anti-HIV and vitamin C-synergized radical scavenging activity of cacao husk lignin fraction. Vivo 22(3):327–332
Salamouny SE, Herz A, Huber J (2002) Suitability of three lignin products as UV protectants to baculovirus. Bull Entomol Soc Egypt 28:103–111
Salamouny SE, Shapiro M, Ling KS et al (2009) Black tea and lignin as ultraviolet protectants for the beet armyworm nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Entomol Sci 44:50–58
Salanti A, Zoia L, Orlandi M, Zanini F, Elegir G (2010) Structural characterization and antioxidant activity evaluation of lignins from rice husk. J Agric Food Chem 58:10049–10055
Sato S, Mukai Y, Yamate J, Norikura T, Morinaga Y, Mikame K, Funaoka M, Fujita S (2009) Lignin-derived lignophenols attenuate oxidative and inflammatory damage to the kidney in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Free Radical Res 43:1205–1213
Satoh K, Kihara T, Ida Y et al (1999) Radical modulation activity of pine cone extracts of Pinuselliottii var. Elliottii. Anticancer Res 19:357–364
Schutyser W, Renders T, Van den Bosch S, Koelewijn SF, Beckham G, Sels B (2018) Chemicals from lignin: an interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading. Chem Soc Rev 47:852–908
Sederoff RR, MacKay JJ, Ralph J, Hatfield RD (1999) Unexpected variation of lignin. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2:145–152
Shi L, Ge J, Nie S, Qin C, Yao S (2019) Effect of lignin structure on adsorbable organic halogens formation in chlorine dioxide bleaching. Royalty Soc Open Sci 6(2):182024
Siddiqui L, Mishra H, Mishra PK, Iqbal Z, Talegaonkar S (2018) Novel 4-in-1 strategy to combat colon cancer, drug resistance and cancer relapse utilizing functionalized bioinspiring lignin nanoparticle. Med Hypotheses 121:10–14
Slavikova E, Kosikova B (1994) Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 11(3):293–300
Song Y, Hui J, Kou W, **n R, Jia F, Wang N, Hu F, Zhang H, Liu H (2008) Identification of Inonotus obliquus and analysis of antioxidation and antitumor activities of polysaccharides. Curr Microbiol 57:454–462
Spiridon I (2018) Biological and pharmaceutical applications of lignin and its derivatives: a mini-review. Cellul Chem Technol 52(7–8):543–550
Stephen LY (1981) New lignosulfonate dispersant for dyes. Text Chem Colorist 13:24–28
Stewart D (2008) Lignin as a base material for materials applications: chemistry, application and economics. Ind Crops Prod 27:202–207
Sunthornvarabhas J, Liengprayoon S, Suwonsichon T (2017) Antimicrobial kinetic activities of lignin from sugarcane bagasse for textile product. Ind Crops Prod 109:857–861
Thakur VK, Thakur MK (2015) Recent advances in green hydrogels from lignin: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 72:834–847
Thomas VA, Donohoe BS, Li M, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Kumar R, Nguyen TY, Cai CM, Wyman CE (2017) Adding tetrahydrofuran to dilute acid pretreatment provides new insights into substrate changes that greatly enhance biomass deconstruction by Clostridium thermocellum and fungal enzymes. Biotechnol Biofuels 10:252 (1-13)
Tortora M, Cavalieri F, Mosesso P et al (2014) Ultrasound driven assembly of lignin into microcapsules for storage and delivery of hydrophobic molecules. Biomacromol 15:1634–1643
Ugartondo V, Mitjans M, Vinardell MP (2008) Comparative antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of lignins from different sources. Bioresour Technol 99(14):6683–6687
Upton BM, Kasko AM (2016) Strategies for the conversion of lignin to high-value polymeric materials: review and perspective. Chem Rev 116:2275–2306
Vanholme R, Morreel K, Ralph J, Boerjan W (2008) Lignin engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 11:278–285
Vengal JC, Srikumar M (2005) Processing and study of novel lignin-starch and lignin-gelatin biodegradable polymeric films. Trends Biomater Artif Organs 18(2):237–241
Vinardell MP, Ugartondo V, Mitjans M (2008) Potential applications of antioxidant lignins from different sources. Ind Crops Prod 27:220–223
Wang J, Cao F, Su E, Wu C, Zhao L, Ying R (2013) Improving flavonoid extraction from Ginkgo biloba leaves by pre-fermentation processing. J Agric Food Chem 61:5783–5791
Wang J, Cao F, Su E, Zhao L, Qin W (2018) Improvement of animal feed additives of Ginkgo leaves through solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger. Int J Biol Sci 14:736–747
Wang H, Pu Y, Ragauskas A, Yang B (2019a) From lignin to valuable products-strategies, challenges, and prospects. Bioresour Technol 271:449–461
Wang Q, Zuoa Z, Chucky Cheung CK, Yee Leung SS (2019b) Updates on thermosensitive hydrogel for nasal, ocular and cutaneous delivery. Int J Pharm 559:86–101
Wang R, Wang G, **a Y, Sui W, Si C (2019c) Functionality study of lignin as a tyrosinase inhibitor: influence of lignin heterogeneity on anti-tyrosinase activity. Int J Biol Macromol 128:107–113
Wang X, Zhao J (2013) Encapsulation of the herbicide picloram by using polyelectrolyte biopolymers as layer-by-layer materials. J Agric Food Chem 61:3789–3796
Whetten R, Sederoffa R (1995) Lignin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7:1001–1013
Wu H, Chen F, Feng Q, Yue X (2012) Oxidation and sulfomethylation of alkali-extracted lignin from corn stalk. BioResources 7(3):2742–2751
Xu CP, Arancon RAD, Labidi J, Luque R (2014) Lignin depolymerisation strategies: towards valuable chemicals and fuels. Chem Soc Rev 43:7485–7500
Yang W, Fortunati E, Dominici F et al (2016) Effect of cellulose and lignin on disintegration, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of PLA active. Int J Biol Macromol 89:360–368
Yearla SR, Padmasree K (2016) Preparation and characterisation of lignin nanoparticles: evaluation of their potential as antioxidants and UV protectants. J Exp Nanosci 11:289–302
Zamboni F, Vieira S, Reis RL, Oliveira JM, Collins MN (2018) The potential of hyaluronic acid in immunoprotection and immunomodulation: chemistry, processing and function. Prog Mater Sci 97:97–122
Zemek J, Kosíková B, Augustín J, Joniak D (1979) Antibiotic properties of lignin components. Folia Microbiol 24:483–486
Zhang F, Lin J, Zhao G (2016) Preparation and characterization of modified soda lignin with polyethylene glycol. Materials (Basel) 9(10):822
Zhang J, Cui J-H, Yin T, Sun L, Li G (2013) Activated effect of lignin on α-amylase. Food Chem 141:2229–2237
Zhang J, **ao L, Yang Y, Wang Z, Li G (2014) Lignin binding to pancreatic lipase and its influence on enzymatic activity. Food Chem 149:99–106
Zhang MY, Xu YJ, Li KC (2007) Removal of residual lignin of ethanol-based organosolv pulp by an alkali extraction process. J Appl Polym Sci 106(1):630–636
Zhou Y, Wang D, Yang D, Qiu X, Li Y (2019) Avermectin loaded nanosphere prepared from acylated alkali lignin showed anti-photolysis property and controlled release performance. Ind Crops Prod 137:453–459
Zhu L, Xu X (2013) Stimulatory effect of different lignocellulosic materials for phenolic compound production and antioxidant activity from Inonotus obliquus in submerged fermentation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 169(7):2138–2152
Zikeli F, Vinciguerra V, D’Annibale A, Capitani D, Romagnoli M, Scarascia Mugnozza G (2019) Preparation of lignin nanoparticles from wood waste for wood surface treatment. Nanomaterials (Basel) 9(2): pii: E281. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020281 (in press)
Zimniewska M, Batog J, Bogacz E, Romanowska B (2012) Functionalization of natural fibres textiles by improvement of nanoparticles fixation on their surface. J Fiber Bioeng Inform 5:321–339
Zimniewska M, Kozlowski R, Batog J (2008) Nanolignin modified linen fabric as a multifunctional product. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 484:409–416
Acknowledgements
The theme of this chapter is based on our ongoing project— VALORTECH, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 810630.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bhat, R., Ahmad, A., Jõudu, I. (2020). Applications of Lignin in the Agri-Food Industry. In: Sharma, S., Kumar, A. (eds) Lignin. Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-40662-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-40663-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)