Abstract
Although biofuels are projected as promising alternative for non-renewable sources, the current cost of producing fuel from biomass is higher than crude oil. The biorefinery, co-production of value-added products along with biofuel, is suggested to overcome this drawback. The biomass is majorly utilized for biofuel production, while the residual biomass could be valorized for production of pigments, organic acids, amino acids, renewable chemicals, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, animal feed, etc. In the midst of wide array of biorefinery technologies, feedstocks and bioproduct availability, the main challenge remains in proper selection of these factors that can lead to both economical and environmental sustainability. In this chapter, the concept of biorefinery along with the role of economic and environmental assessment tools in determining the viability of biorefinery process is discussed. Various feedstocks available for energy generation and the role of chemical composition of feedstock in obtaining the end products of biorefinery are discussed. The processing technologies based on chemical, biochemical, thermochemical and mechanical methods for biorefinery-related production are also discussed. Value-added products generated from different feedstocks along with their application and market status are summarized. The final section discusses about the future perspectives of biorefinery.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adarme-Vega TC, Lim DK, Timmins M, Vernen F, Li Y, Schenk PM (2012) Microalgal biofactories: a promising approach towards sustainable omega-3 fatty acid production. Microb Cell Factories 11:96. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-11-96
Agbor VB, Cicek N, Sparling R, Berlin A, Levin DB (2011) Biomass pretreatment: fundamentals toward application. Biotechnol Adv 29:675–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005
Aghbashlo M, Mandegari M, Tabatabaei M, Farzad S, Soufiyan MM, Görgens JF (2018) Exergy analysis of a lignocellulosic-based biorefinery annexed to a sugarcane mill for simultaneous lactic acid and electricity production. Energy 149:623–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.063
Ahlgren S, Björklund A, Ekman A, Karlsson H, Berlin J, Börjesson P, Ekvall T, Finnveden G, Janssen M, Strid I (2015) Review of methodological choices in LCA of biorefinery systems-key issues and recommendations. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 9:606–619. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1563
Ahring BK, Biswas R, Ahamed A, Teller PJ, Uellendahl H (2015) Making lignin accessible for anaerobic digestion by wet-explosion pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 175:182–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.082
Albarelli JQ, Santos DT, Ensinas AV, Marechal F, Cocero MJ, Meireles MAA (2017a) Product diversification in the sugarcane biorefinery through algae growth and supercritical CO2 extraction: thermal and economic analysis. Renew Energ 129:776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.022
Albarelli JQ, Santos DT, Ensinas AV, Maréchal F, Mato FA, Cocero MJ, Meireles MAA (2017b) Thermo-economic and environmental comparison of supercritical water and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in a biorefinery concept. Energy 141:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.075
Almeida JR, Fávaro LC, Quirino BF (2012) Biodiesel biorefinery: opportunities and challenges for microbial production of fuels and chemicals from glycerol waste. Biotechnol Biofuels 5:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-48
Arora A, Banerjee J, Vijayaraghavan R, MacFarlane D, Patti AF (2018) Process design and techno-economic analysis of an integrated mango processing waste biorefinery. Ind Crop Prod 116:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.061
Azman S, Khadem AF, Van Lier JB, Zeeman G, Plugge CM (2015) Presence and role of anaerobic hydrolytic microbes in conversion of lignocellulosic biomass for biogas production. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 45:2523–2564. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2015.1053727
Batlle-Vilanova P, Puig S, Gonzalez-Olmos R, Vilajeliu-Pons A, Balaguer MD, Colprim J (2015) Deciphering the electron transfer mechanisms for biogas upgrading to biomethane within a mixed culture biocathode. RSC Adv 5:52243–52251. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09039c
Bhaskar T, Chang JS, Khanal S, Lee DJ, Mohan SV, Rittmann BE (2016) Waste biorefinery-advocating circular economy. Bioresour Technol 215:1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.020
Bischof RH, Ramoni J, Seiboth B (2016) Cellulases and beyond: the first 70 years of the enzyme producer Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Factories 15:106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-016-0507-6
Boisen S, Hvelplund T, Weisbjerg MR (2000) Ideal amino acid profiles as a basis for feed protein evaluation. Livest Prod Sci 64:239–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(99)00146-3
Bozbas K (2008) Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel: production and policies in the European Union. Renew Sust Energ Rev 12:542–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.06.001
Canilha L, Chandel AK, Suzane dos Santos Milessi T, Antunes FAF, Luiz da Costa Freitas W, das Graças Almeida Felipe M, da Silva SS (2012) Bioconversion of sugarcane biomass into ethanol: an overview about composition, pretreatment methods, detoxification of hydrolysates, enzymatic saccharification, and ethanol fermentation. Biomed Res Int 2012:1. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/989572
Cardona C, Quintero J, Paz I (2010) Production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse: status and perspectives. Bioresour Technol 101:4754–4766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.097
Carriquiry M (2007) US biodiesel production: recent developments and prospects. Iowa Ag Rev 13:8–11. https://doi.org/10.5772/22395
Chauhan MK, Chaudhary S, Kumar S (2011) Life cycle assessment of sugar industry: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15:3445–3453. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-296-8-3
Cheali P, Posada JA, Gernaey KV, Sin G (2016) Economic risk analysis and critical comparison of optimal biorefinery concepts. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 10:435–445. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1654
Chen J, Fales SL, Varga GA, Royse DJ (1995) Biodegradation of cell wall components of maize stover colonized by white-rot fungi and resulting impact on in-vitro digestibility. J Sci Food Agric 68:91–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740680115
Chew KW, Yap JY, Show PL, Suan NH, Juan JC, Ling TC, Lee D-J, Chang J-S (2017) Microalgae biorefinery: high value products perspectives. Bioresour Technol 229:53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.006
Chisti Y (2007) Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 25:294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001
Choi S, Kim HU, Kim TY, Kim WJ, Lee MH, Lee SY (2013) Production of 4-hydroxybutyric acid by metabolically engineered Mannheimia succiniciproducens and its conversion to γ-butyrolactone by acid treatment. Metab Eng 20:73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2013.09.001
Choi JW, Yim SS, Lee SH, Kang TJ, Park SJ, Jeong KJ (2015) Enhanced production of gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum by expressing glutamate decarboxylase active in expanded pH range. Microb Cell Factories 14:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-015-0205-9
Creutzig F, Ravindranath NH, Berndes G, Bolwig S, Bright R, Cherubini F, Chum H, Corbera E, Delucchi M, Faaij A (2015) Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment. GCB Bioenergy 7:916–944. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12205
Czernik S, Bridgwater A (2004) Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Energ Fuel 18:590–598. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef034067u
da Silva ASA, Teixeira RSS, Endo T, Bon EP, Lee S-H (2013) Continuous pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse at high loading in an ionic liquid using a twin-screw extruder. Green Chem 15:1991–2001. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc40352a
De Bhowmick G, Sarmah AK, Sen R (2018) Lignocellulosic biorefinery as a model for sustainable development of biofuels and value added products. Bioresour Technol 247:1144–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.163
De Bruyn M, Fan J, Budarin V, Macquarrie D, Gomez L, Simister R, Farmer T, Raverty W, McQueen-Mason S, Clark J (2016) A new perspective in bio-refining: levoglucosenone and cleaner lignin from waste biorefinery hydrolysis lignin by selective conversion of residual saccharides. Energy Environ Sci 9:2571–2574. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ee01352j
de Jong E, Higson A, Walsh P, Wellisch M (2012) Bio-based chemicals value added products from biorefineries. IEA bioenergy, Task42 biorefinery. Available online at http://www.iea-bioenergy.task42-biorefineries.com/publications/reports. Accessed Apr 2019
De Melo M, Silvestre A, Silva C (2014) Supercritical fluid extraction of vegetable matrices: applications, trends and future perspectives of a convincing green technology. J Supercrit Fluids 92:115–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2014.04.007
de Souza PM (2010) Application of microbial α-amylase in industry – a review. Braz J Microbiol 41:850–861. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822010000400004
Demirbas A (2007) Producing bio-oil from olive cake by fast pyrolysis. Energ Sour Part A 30:38–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310600626747
Demirbas A, Demirbas MF (2011) Importance of algae oil as a source of biodiesel. Energy Convers Manag 52:163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.06.055
Dias MO, Junqueira TL, Cavalett O, Pavanello LG, Cunha MP, Jesus CD, Maciel Filho R, Bonomi A (2013) Biorefineries for the production of first and second generation ethanol and electricity from sugarcane. Appl Energ 109:72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.081
DÃaz I, Lopes A, Pérez S, Fdz-Polanco M (2011) Determination of the optimal rate for the microaerobic treatment of several H2S concentrations in biogas from sludge digesters. Water Sci Technol 64:233–238. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.648
Dutta K, Daverey A, Lin J-G (2014) Evolution retrospective for alternative fuels: first to fourth generation. Renew Energ 69:114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.044
Dwivedi G, Sharma M (2014) Prospects of biodiesel from Pongamia in India. Renew Sust Energ Rev 32:114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.009
Ekşioğlu S, Li S, Zhang S, Sokhansanj S, Petrolia D (2010) Analyzing impact of intermodal facilities on design and management of biofuel supply chain. Transport Res Rec J Transport Res Board 2191:144–151. https://doi.org/10.3141/2191-18
ElMekawy A, Diels L, De Wever H, Pant D (2013) Valorization of cereal based biorefinery byproducts: reality and expectations. Environ Sci Technol 47:9014–9027. https://doi.org/10.1021/es402395g
Escobar JC, Lora ES, Venturini OJ, Yáñez EE, Castillo EF, Almazan O (2009) Biofuels: environment, technology and food security. Renew Sust Energ Rev 13:1275–1287. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.249
Fava F, Totaro G, Diels L, Reis M, Duarte J, Carioca OB, Poggi-Varaldo HM, Ferreira BS (2015) Biowaste biorefinery in Europe: opportunities and research & development needs. New Biotechnol 32:100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2013.11.003
Fernández-González J, Grindlay A, Serrano-Bernardo F, RodrÃguez-Rojas M, Zamorano M (2017) Economic and environmental review of waste-to-energy systems for municipal solid waste management in medium and small municipalities. Waste Manag 67:360–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.003
FitzPatrick M, Champagne P, Cunningham MF, Whitney RA (2010) A biorefinery processing perspective: treatment of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products. Bioresour Technol 101:8915–8922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.125
Ghatak HR (2011) Biorefineries from the perspective of sustainability: feedstocks, products, and processes. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15:4042–4052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.034
GÃrio F, Marques S, Pinto F, Oliveira AC, Costa P, Reis A, Moura P (2017) Biorefineries in the world. In Biorefineries. Springer, Cham, pp 227–281
Gnansounou E, Alves CM, Pachón ER, Vaskan P (2017) Comparative assessment of selected sugarcane biorefinery-centered systems in Brazil: a multi-criteria method based on sustainability indicators. Bioresour Technol 243:600–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.004
Goberna M, Gadermaier M, Franke-Whittle I, GarcÃa C, Wett B, Insam H (2015) Start-up strategies in manure-fed biogas reactors: process parameters and methanogenic communities. Biomass Bioenergy 75:46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.02.003
Gollakota A, Kishore N, Gu S (2017) A review on hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Renew Sust Energ Rev 81:1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.178
Goudriaan F, Peferoen D (1990) Liquid fuels from biomass via a hydrothermal process. Chem Eng Sci 45:2729–2734. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(90)80164-a
Gunstone FD (2011) Supplies of vegetable oils for non-food purposes. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 113:3–7
Guo M, Song W, Buhain J (2015) Bioenergy and biofuels: history, status, and perspective. Renew Sust Energ Rev 42:712–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.013
Gupta N, Yadav KK, Kumar V (2015) A review on current status of municipal solid waste management in India. J Environ Sci 37:206–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.01.034
Halim R, Gladman B, Danquah MK, Webley PA (2011) Oil extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 102:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.136
Harada H, Uemura S, Chen A-C, Jayadevan J (1996) Anaerobic treatment of a recalcitrant distillery wastewater by a thermophilic UASB reactor. Bioresour Technol 55:215–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(96)00003-x
Hasunuma T, Okazaki F, Okai N, Hara KY, Ishii J, Kondo A (2013) A review of enzymes and microbes for lignocellulosic biorefinery and the possibility of their application to consolidated bioprocessing technology. Bioresour Technol 135:513–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.047
Haznedaroglu B, Rismani-Yazdi H, Allnutt F, Reeves D, Peccia J (2016) Algal biorefinery for high-value platform chemicals. In Platform chemical biorefinery. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 333–360
Holladay JE, White JF, Bozell JJ, Johnson D (2007) Top value-added chemicals from biomass – volume II – results of screening for potential candidates from biorefinery lignin. https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-16983.pdf. Accessed Apr 2019
Huang H-J, Ramaswamy S, Tschirner U, Ramarao B (2008) A review of separation technologies in current and future biorefineries. Sep Purif Technol 62:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.12.011
Husgafvel R, Vanhatalo K, Rodriguez-Chiang L, Linkosalmi L, Dahl O (2016) Comparative global warming potential assessment of eight microcrystalline cellulose manufacturing systems. J Clean Prod 126:620–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.091
Igathinathane C, Sanderson M (2018) Biofuel feedstock: challenges and opportunities. In: Green chemistry for sustainable biofuel production. Apple Academic Press, Toronto, pp 37–78
Jeong G-T, Park J-H, Park S-H, Park D-H (2008) Estimating and improving cold filter plugging points by blending biodiesels with different fatty acid contents. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 13:505–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-008-0144-y
Johari A, Nyakuma BB, Nor SHM, Mat R, Hashim H, Ahmad A, Zakaria ZY, Abdullah TAT (2015) The challenges and prospects of palm oil based biodiesel in Malaysia. Energy 81:255–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.037
John RP, Anisha G, Nampoothiri KM, Pandey A (2011) Micro and macroalgal biomass: a renewable source for bioethanol. Bioresour Technol 102:186–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.139
Johnson CW, Salvachúa D, Khanna P, Smith H, Peterson DJ, Beckham GT (2016) Enhancing muconic acid production from glucose and lignin-derived aromatic compounds via increased protocatechuate decarboxylase activity. Metab Eng Commun 3:111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meteno.2016.04.002
Kamm B, Kamm M (2004) Principles of biorefineries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64:137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1537-7
Kaparaju P, Serrano M, Thomsen AB, Kongjan P, Angelidaki I (2009) Bioethanol, biohydrogen and biogas production from wheat straw in a biorefinery concept. Bioresour Technol 100:2562–2568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.011
Kim KH, Dutta T, Sun J, Simmons B, Singh S (2018) Biomass pretreatment using deep eutectic solvent from lignin derived phenols. Green Chem 20:809. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7gc03029k
Kind S, Neubauer S, Becker J, Yamamoto M, Völkert M, von Abendroth G, Zelder O, Wittmann C (2014) From zero to hero–production of bio-based nylon from renewable resources using engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab Eng 25:113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2014.05.007
Kirubakaran V, Sivaramakrishnan V, Nalini R, Sekar T, Premalatha M, Subramanian P (2009) A review on gasification of biomass. Renew Sust Energ Rev 13:179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.07.001
Klein BC, Silva JF, Junqueira TL, Rabelo SC, Arruda PV, Ienczak JL, Mantelatto PE, Pradella JG, Junior SV, Bonomi A (2017) Process development and techno-economic analysis of bio-based succinic acid derived from pentoses integrated to a sugarcane biorefinery. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 11:1051–1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1813
Klement T, Büchs J (2013) Itaconic acid–a biotechnological process in change. Bioresour Technol 135:422–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.141
Kouhia M, Holmberg H, Ahtila P (2015) Microalgae-utilizing biorefinery concept for pulp and paper industry: converting secondary streams into value-added products. Algal Res 10:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.04.001
Koutinas A, Arifeen N, Wang R, Webb C (2007) Cereal-based biorefinery development: integrated enzyme production for cereal flour hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 97:61–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.21206
Kumar P, Barrett DM, Delwiche MJ, Stroeve P (2009) Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:3713–3729. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0687-6-5
Kurian JK, Nair GR, Hussain A, Raghavan GV (2013) Feedstocks, logistics and pre-treatment processes for sustainable lignocellulosic biorefineries: a comprehensive review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 25:205–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.019
Kwan TH, Pleissner D, Lau KY, Venus J, Pommeret A, Lin CSK (2015) Techno-economic analysis of a food waste valorization process via microalgae cultivation and co-production of plasticizer, lactic acid and animal feed from algal biomass and food waste. Bioresour Technol 198:292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.003
Lange JP (2007) Lignocellulose conversion: an introduction to chemistry, process and economics. Biofuel Bioprod Biorefin 1:39–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527621118.ch2
Lazaro CZ, Perna V, Etchebehere C, Varesche MBA (2014) Sugarcane vinasse as substrate for fermentative hydrogen production: the effects of temperature and substrate concentration. Int J Hydrog Energy 39:6407–6418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.02.058
Le Normand M, Moriana R, Ek M (2014) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from spruce bark in a biorefinery perspective. Carbohydr Polym 111:979–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.092
Leathers TD (1998) Utilization of fuel ethanol residues in production of the biopolymer alternan. Process Biochem 33:15–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-9592(97)00054-x
Leathers TD, Gupta SC (1994) Production of pullulan from fuel ethanol byproducts by Aureobasidium sp. strain NRRl Y-12,974. Biotechnol Lett 16:1163–1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01020844
Ling HI, Leshchinsky D, Mohri Y, Kawabata T (1998) Estimation of municipal solid waste landfill settlement. J Geotech Geoenviron 124:21–28. https://doi.org/10.1109/wmso.2008.105
Longati AA, Lino AR, Giordano RC, Furlan FF, Cruz AJ (2018) Defining research & development process targets through retro-techno-economic analysis: the sugarcane biorefinery case. Bioresour Technol 263:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.102
Lühs W, Friedt W (1994) The major oil crops. Designer oil crops: breeding, processing and biotechnology:5–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(94)90111-2
Ma F, Hanna MA (1999) Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour Technol 70:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5
Maity SK (2015) Opportunities, recent trends and challenges of integrated biorefinery: part I. Renew Sust Energ Rev 43:1427–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.092
Malherbe S, Cloete TE (2002) Lignocellulose biodegradation: fundamentals and applications. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 1:105–114. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2004-0889.ch001
Mao C, Feng Y, Wang X, Ren G (2015) Review on research achievements of biogas from anaerobic digestion. Renew Sust Energ Rev 45:540–555. https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.201628297
Mariano AP, Dias MO, Junqueira TL, Cunha MP, Bonomi A, Maciel Filho R (2013) Butanol production in a first-generation Brazilian sugarcane biorefinery: technical aspects and economics of greenfield projects. Bioresour Technol 135:316–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.109
Martin CH, Dhamankar H, Tseng H-C, Sheppard MJ, Reisch CR, Prather KL (2013) A platform pathway for production of 3-hydroxyacids provides a biosynthetic route to 3-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone. Nat Commun 4:1414. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2904
Miao Z, Shastri Y, Grift TE, Hansen AC, Ting K (2012) Lignocellulosic biomass feedstock transportation alternatives, logistics, equipment configurations, and modeling. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 6:351–362. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1322
Mirsiaghi M, Reardon KF (2015) Conversion of lipid-extracted Nannochloropsis salina biomass into fermentable sugars. Algal Res 8:145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.01.013
Mlyneková Z, Chrenková M, Formelová Z (2014) Cereals and legumes in nutrition of people with celiac. Int J 2:105–109. https://doi.org/10.12691/ijcd-2-3-3
Mohan SV, Nikhil G, Chiranjeevi P, Reddy CN, Rohit M, Kumar AN, Sarkar O (2016) Waste biorefinery models towards sustainable circular bioeconomy: critical review and future perspectives. Bioresour Technol 215:2–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.130
Moncada J, Tamayo JA, Cardona CA (2014) Integrating first, second, and third generation biorefineries: incorporating microalgae into the sugarcane biorefinery. Chem Eng Sci 118:126–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2014.07.035
Moraes BS, Zaiat M, Bonomi A (2015) Anaerobic digestion of vinasse from sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil: challenges and perspectives. Renew Sust Energ Rev 44:888–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.023
Nagappan S, Verma SK (2016) Growth model for raceway pond cultivation of Desmodesmus sp. MCC34 isolated from a local water body. Eng Life Sci 16:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201500024
Nagappan S, Verma SK (2018) Co-production of biodiesel and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid) from microalgae, Desmodesmus sp. MCC34. Energ Sour Part A 40:2933–2940. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1514434
Nagappan S, Kumar RR, Balaji JR, Singh S, Verma SK (2019) Direct saponification of wet microalgae by methanolic potassium hydroxide using acetone as co-solvent. Bioresour Technol Rep 5:351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2018.05.010
Nelson DL, Lehninger AL, Cox MM (2008) Lehninger principles of biochemistry. Macmillan, London
Nigam PS, Singh A (2011) Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources. Prog Energy Combust Sci 37:52–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.01.003
Nussbaumer T (2003) Combustion and co-combustion of biomass: fundamentals, technologies, and primary measures for emission reduction. Energ Fuel 17:1510–1521. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef030031q
Oh YH, Eom IY, Joo JC, Yu JH, Song BK, Lee SH, Hong SH, Park SJ (2015) Recent advances in development of biomass pretreatment technologies used in biorefinery for the production of bio-based fuels, chemicals and polymers. Korean J Chem Eng 32:1945–1959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-015-0191-y
Oksman K, Etang JA, Mathew AP, Jonoobi M (2011) Cellulose nanowhiskers separated from a bio-residue from wood bioethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy 35:146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.08.021
Olmstead IL, Hill DR, Dias DA, Jayasinghe NS, Callahan DL, Kentish SE, Scales PJ, Martin GJ (2013) A quantitative analysis of microalgal lipids for optimization of biodiesel and omega-3 production. Biotechnol Bioeng 110:2096–2104. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24844
Pandey MP, Kim CS (2011) Lignin depolymerization and conversion: a review of thermochemical methods. Chem Eng Technol 34:29–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201000270
Pandey A, Soccol CR, Nigam P, Soccol VT (2000) Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues. I: sugarcane bagasse. Bioresour Technol 74:69–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(99)00142-x
Park SJ, Kim EY, Noh W, Park HM, Oh YH, Lee SH, Song BK, Jegal J, Lee SY (2013) Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of 5-aminovalerate and glutarate as C5 platform chemicals. Metab Eng 16:42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2012.11.011
Rabelo SC, Maciel Filho R, Costa AC (2008) A comparison between lime and alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse for ethanol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 148:45–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-526-2-53
Santibañez-Aguilar JE, Ponce-Ortega JM, González-Campos JB, Serna-González M, El-Halwagi MM (2013) Optimal planning for the sustainable utilization of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 33:2607–2622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.08.010
Santos DT, Albarelli JQ, Rostagno MA, Ensinas AV, Maréchal F, Meireles MAA (2014) New proposal for production of bioactive compounds by supercritical technology integrated to a sugarcane biorefinery. Clean Technol Envir 16:1455–1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0760-5
Schmidt LM, Mthembu LD, Reddy P, Deenadayalu N, Kaltschmitt M, Smirnova I (2017) Levulinic acid production integrated into a sugarcane bagasse based biorefinery using thermal-enzymatic pretreatment. Ind Crop Prod 99:172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.02.010
Schutyser W, Renders T, Van den Bosch S, Koelewijn S-F, Beckham GT, Sels BF (2018) Chemicals from lignin: an interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading. Chem Soc Rev 47:852–908. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00566k
Seabra JE, Macedo IC (2011) Comparative analysis for power generation and ethanol production from sugarcane residual biomass in Brazil. Energy Policy 39:421–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.019
Shahrukh H, Oyedun AO, Kumar A, Ghiasi B, Kumar L, Sokhansanj S (2015) Net energy ratio for the production of steam pretreated biomass-based pellets. Biomass Bioenergy 80:286–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.06.006
Shahzad K, Narodoslawsky M, Sagir M, Ali N, Ali S, Rashid MI, Ismail IMI, Koller M (2017) Techno-economic feasibility of waste biorefinery: using slaughtering waste streams as starting material for biopolyester production. Waste Manag 67:73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.047
Sharholy M, Ahmad K, Mahmood G, Trivedi R (2008) Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – a review. Waste Manag 28:459–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.008
Siddiquee MN, Rohani S (2011) Lipid extraction and biodiesel production from municipal sewage sludges: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15:1067–1072
Sigoillot J-C, Faulds C (2016) Second generation bioethanol. In: Green fuels technology. Springer, Cham, pp 213–239
Silva-Fernandes T, Marques S, Rodrigues RC, Loureiro-Dias MC, Fonseca C, GÃrio F (2016) Enzymatic hydrolyses of pretreated eucalyptus residues, wheat straw or olive tree pruning, and their mixtures towards flexible sugar-based biorefineries. Biomass Convers Biorefin 6:385–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-016-0201-2
Singh R, Bhaskar T, Balagurumurthy B (2014) Hydrothermal upgradation of algae into value-added hydrocarbons. In: Biofuels from algae. Elsevier, pp 235–260
Singh J, Suhag M, Dhaka A (2015) Augmented digestion of lignocellulose by steam explosion, acid and alkaline pretreatment methods: a review. Carbohydr Polym 117:624–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.012
Slattery RA, Ort DR (2015) Photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency: setting a baseline for gauging future improvements in important food and biofuel crops. Plant Physiol 168:383–392. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.00066
Soccol CR, Faraco V, Karp S, Vandenberghe LP, Thomaz-Soccol V, Woiciechowski A, Pandey A (2011) Lignocellulosic bioethanol: current status and future perspectives. In: Biofuels. Elsevier, pp 101–122
Somerville C, Youngs H, Taylor C, Davis SC, Long SP (2010) Feedstocks for lignocellulosic biofuels. Science 329:790–792. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189268
Sporck D, Reinoso FA, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Rio JC, Ferraz A, Milagres AM (2017) Xylan extraction from pretreated sugarcane bagasse using alkaline and enzymatic approaches. Biotechnol Biofuels 10:296. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0981-z
Tenenbaum DJ (2008) Food vs. fuel: diversion of crops could cause more hunger. Environ Health Perspect 116:A254. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.116-a254
Tomei J, Helliwell R (2016) Food versus fuel? Going beyond biofuels. Land Use Policy 56:320–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.11.015
Tsukamoto J, Durán N, Tasic L (2013) Nanocellulose and bioethanol production from orange waste using isolated microorganisms. J Braz Chem Soc 24:1537–1543. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20130195
Tuomela M, Vikman M, Hatakka A, Itävaara M (2000) Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review. Bioresour Technol 72:169–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(99)00104-2
Van Der Maarel MJ, Van Der Veen B, Uitdehaag JC, Leemhuis H, Dijkhuizen L (2002) Properties and applications of starch-converting enzymes of the α-amylase family. J Biotechnol 94:137–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1656(01)00407-2
van Rijn R, Nieves IU, Shanmugam K, Ingram LO, Vermerris W (2018) Techno-economic evaluation of cellulosic ethanol production based on pilot biorefinery data: a case study of sweet sorghum bagasse processed via l+ sscf. Bioenergy Res 11:414–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-018-9906-3
Vollmann J, Laimer M (2013) Novel and traditional oil crops and their biorefinery potential. Bioprocessing technologies in biorefinery for sustainable production of fuels, chemicals, and. Polymers:47–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118642047.ch3
Wan YK, Sadhukhan J, Ng KS, Ng DK (2016) Techno-economic evaluations for feasibility of sago-based biorefinery, part 1: alternative energy systems. Chem Eng Res Des 107:263–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2015.09.017
Wang L, Zhao B, Liu B, Yang C, Yu B, Li Q, Ma C, Xu P, Ma Y (2010) Efficient production of L-lactic acid from cassava powder by Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Bioresour Technol 101:7895–7901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.018
Wang K, Ou L, Brown T, Brown RC (2015) Beyond ethanol: a techno-economic analysis of an integrated corn biorefinery for the production of hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 9:190–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1529
Weiland P (2010) Biogas production: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85:849–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2246-7
West NM, Miller AJ, Labinger JA, Bercaw JE (2011) Homogeneous syngas conversion. Coordin Chem Rev 255:881–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2010.08.019
Wilhelm D, Simbeck D, Karp A, Dickenson R (2001) Syngas production for gas-to-liquids applications: technologies, issues and outlook. Fuel Process Technol 71:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(02)80387-3
Wilkie AC, Riedesel KJ, Owens JM (2000) Stillage characterization and anaerobic treatment of ethanol stillage from conventional and cellulosic feedstocks. Biomass Bioenergy 19:63–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(00)00017-9
Yan K, Jarvis C, Gu J, Yan Y (2015) Production and catalytic transformation of levulinic acid: a platform for speciality chemicals and fuels. Renew Sust Energ Rev 51:986–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.021
Yoo J, Alavi S, Vadlani P, Amanor-Boadu V (2011) Thermo-mechanical extrusion pretreatment for conversion of soybean hulls to fermentable sugars. Bioresour Technol 102:7583–7590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.092
Yürekli F, Yesilada O, Yürekli M, Topcuoglu S (1999) Plant growth hormone production from olive oil mill and alcohol factory wastewaters by white rot fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 15:503–505. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:100895273
Yusuf F, Gaur NA (2017) Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for C5 fermentation: a step towards second-generation biofuel production. In: Metabolic engineering for bioactive compounds. Springer, pp 157–172
Zheng J, Tashiro Y, Wang Q, Sonomoto K (2015) Recent advances to improve fermentative butanol production: genetic engineering and fermentation technology. J Biosci Bioeng 119:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.05.023
Zhu Y, Biddy MJ, Jones SB, Elliott DC, Schmidt AJ (2014) Techno-economic analysis of liquid fuel production from woody biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and upgrading. Appl Energ 129:384–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.053
Ziska LH, Runion GB, Tomecek M, Prior SA, Torbet HA, Sicher R (2009) An evaluation of cassava, sweet potato and field corn as potential carbohydrate sources for bioethanol production in Alabama and Maryland. Biomass Bioenergy 33:1503–1508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.07.014
Acknowledgements
Authors thank Prof. M. Sivanandham, Secretary, SVEHT and SVCE Management for their support and encouragement.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nagappan, S., Nakkeeran, E. (2020). Biorefinery: A Concept for Co-producing Biofuel with Value-Added Products. In: Gothandam, K., Ranjan, S., Dasgupta, N., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 2. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 45. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38196-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38196-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38195-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38196-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)