Overview of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) for Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Therapies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Regenerative Medicine for Degenerative Muscle Diseases

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based therapies under guidelines that apply to Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products (HCT/Ps). In this chapter, we will examine the various components necessary to generate a rigorous Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) section for an FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) application for these products. Our discussion begins with regulations that apply to product components and materials used during the manufacturing process and then proceeds to facilities, procedures, personnel, and process controls required for implementing Good Tissue Practice (GTP) into current Good Manufacturing Procedures (cGMP). Product testing, methods to establish product stability, and logistical details including labeling, packaging, and postproduction requirements will also be described. Finally, quality systems for manufacture and distribution of investigational products will be presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
GBP 19.95
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
GBP 71.50
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
GBP 129.99
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
GBP 89.99
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. IND Content and format. 2013;Title 21, Part 312.23.

    Google Scholar 

  2. USFDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. FDA guidance for industry: cGMP for phase 1 investigational drugs. Jul 2008. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm070273.pdf

  3. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.

    Google Scholar 

  4. US Code. Public Health Service Act. Regulation of biological products. 1999;Title 42, Part 262, Section 351 [cited 4 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm149278.htm

  5. US Code. Public Health Service Act. Regulations to control communicable diseases. 1999;Title 42, Part 264, Section 361 [cited 4 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm149429.htm

  6. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. General provisions. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271, Subpart A.

    Google Scholar 

  7. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Minimal manipulation means. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.3.

    Google Scholar 

  8. DeFrancesco L. FDA prevails in stem cell trial. Nat Biotechnol. 2012;30(10):906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Good laboratory practice for nonclinical laboratory studies. 2013;Title 21, Part 58.

    Google Scholar 

  10. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Current good tissue practice. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271, Subpart D.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gutierrez-Aranda I, Ramos-Mejia V, Munoz-Lopez M, Real PJ, Mácia A, Sanchez L, Ligero G, Garcia-Parez JL, Menendez P. Human induced pluripotent stem cells develop teratoma more efficiently and faster than human embryonic stem cells regardless the site of injection. Stem Cells. 2010;28(9):1568–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Okita K, Ichisaka T, Yamanaka S. Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature. 2007;448(7151):313–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Yu J, Hu K, Smuga-Otto K, Tian S, Stewart R, Slukvin II, Thomson J. Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences. Science. 2009;324(5928):797–801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Kim D, Kim CH, Moon JI, Chung YG, Chang MY, Han BS, et al. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteins. Cell Stem Cell. 2009;4(6):472–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Fusaki N, Ban H, Nishiyama A, Saeki K, Hasegawa M. Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genome. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2009;85(8):348–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Jia F, Wilson KD, Sun N, Gupta DM, Huang M, Li Z, et al. A nonviral minicircle vector for deriving human iPS cells. Nat Methods. 2010;7(3):197–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Warren L, Manos PD, Ahfeldt T, Loh YH, Li H, Lau F, et al. Highly efficient reprogramming to pluripotency and directed differentiation of human cells with synthetic modified mRNA. Cell Stem Cell. 2010;7(5):618–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Anokye-Danso F, Trivedi CM, Juhr D, Gupta M, Cui Z, Tian Y, et al. Highly efficient miRNA-mediated reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells to pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell. 2011;8(4):376–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Nagano H, Haraguchi N, Dewi DL, Kano Y, et al. Reprogramming of mouse and human cells to pluripotency using mature microRNAs. Cell Stem Cell. 2011;8(6):633–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Awe JP, Lee PC, Ramathal C, Vega-Crespo A, Durruthy-Durruthy J, Cooper A, et al. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013;4(4):87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. General provisions. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271, Subpart B.

    Google Scholar 

  22. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Occupational safety and health standards. 2013;Title 29, Part 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  23. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Donor-eligibility determination not required. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.90(a).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ikehata H, Kudo H, Masuda T, Ono T. UVA induces C -> T transitions at methyl-CpG-associated dipyrimidine sites in mouse skin epidermis more frequently than UVB. Mutagenesis. 2003;18(6):511–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Yokoyama Y. Hematopoietic stem cells and mature blood cells from pluripotent stem cells. Nihon Rinsho [Japanese]. 2011;69(12):2137–41.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Red Cross. What we do: lifesaving blood. 2013 [cited 21 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.redcross.org/what-we-do/blood-donation

  27. Merling RK, et al. Transgene-free iPSCs generated from small volume peripheral blood nonmobilized CD34+ cells. Blood. 2013;121(14):e98–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Dowey SN, Huang X, Chou BK, Ye Z, Cheng L. Generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells from postnatal blood mononuclear cells by, plasmid vector expression. Nat Protoc. 2012;7(11):2013–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Ramos-Mejía V, Montes R, Bueno C, Ayllón V, Real PJ, Rodriguez R, Menedez P. Residual expression of the reprogramming factors prevents differentiation of iPSC generated from human fibroblasts and cord blood CD34+ progenitors. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(4), e35824.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Ye L, Muench MO, Fusaki N, Beyer AI, Wang J, Qi Z, et al. Blood cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of reprogramming factors generated by Sendai viral vectors. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2013;2(8):558–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P, De Ugarte DA, Huang JI, Mizuno H, et al. Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2002;13(12):4279–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Sugi IS, Kida Y, Kawamura T, Suzuki J, Vassena R, Yin YQ, et al. Human and mouse adipose-derived cells support feeder-independent induction of pluripotent stem cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(8):3558–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Sun N, Panetta NJ, Gupta DM, Wilson KD, Lee A, Jia F, et al. Feeder-free derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells from adult human adipose stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(37):15720–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Narsinh KH, Jia F, Robbins RC, Kay MA, Lonake MT, Wu JC. Generation of adult human induced pluripotent stem cells using nonviral minicircle DNA vectors. Nat Protoc. 2011;6(1):78–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Scope. 2013;Title 21, Part 1270.1(c).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Malarkey M. Letter from Mary A. Malarkey, Director of Compliance and Biologics Quality, USFDA, to Christopher J. Centeno, Medical Director, Regenerative Sciences, Inc. 25 Jul 2008. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ComplianceActivities/Enforcement/UntitledLetters/ucm091991.htm

  37. Regenexx Procedures Family: Advanced Stem Cell Procedures. 2013. [cited 28 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.regenexx.com/regenexx-procedures-family/

  38. Chirba MA and Nobel AA. Our Bodies, our cells: FDA regulation of autologous adult stem cell therapies. Bill of Health. June 2013. Available from: http://works.bepress.com/maryann_chirba/38

  39. Malarkey M. Letter from Mary A. Malarkey, Director of Compliance and Biologics Quality, USFDA, to David Eller, CEO, CellTex Therapeutics Corporation. 24 Sept 2012 [cited 8 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/Warning Letters/2012/ucm323853.htm

  40. Cyranoski D. Controversial stem-cell company moves treatment out of the United States. Nat News. 20 Jan 2013. Available from: http://www.nature.com/new/controversial-stem-cell-company-moves-treatment-out-of-the-united-states-1.12332

  41. USFDA Consumer Health Information. FDA warns about stem cell claims. Jan 2012 [cited 5 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM286213.pdf

  42. USFDA Basics. What are stem cells? How are they regulated? 7 Jan 2012 [cited 28 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm194655.htm

  43. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Donor eligibility. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271, Subpart C.

    Google Scholar 

  44. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. General requirements for informed consent. 2013;Title 21, Part 50.20.

    Google Scholar 

  45. USFDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. FDA guidance for industry: eligibility determination for donors of human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps) small entity compliance guide. Aug 2007. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/tissue/ucm073964.pdf

  46. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. How do I screen a donor? 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.75.

    Google Scholar 

  47. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. What are the general requirements for donor testing? 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.80.

    Google Scholar 

  48. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. What donor testing is required for different types of cells and tissues? 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.85.

    Google Scholar 

  49. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. How do I determine whether a donor is eligible? 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.50.

    Google Scholar 

  50. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Record retention requirements. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.55(d).

    Google Scholar 

  51. ESI Bio Corporate Website. ES cell lines. 2014. [cited 2 June 2014]. Available from: http://www.esibio.com/products/product-category/cell-lines/

  52. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. What quarantine and other requirements apply before the donor-eligibility determination is complete? 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.60.

    Google Scholar 

  53. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Receipt, predistribution shipment, and distribution of an HCT/P. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.265.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Brandenberger R, Burger S, Campbell A, Fong T, Lapinskas E, Rowley JA. Cell therapy bioprocessing: integrating process and product development for the next generation of biotherapeutics. BioProcess Int. 2011;9(S1):30–7. Available from: http://www.bioprocessintl.com/manufacturing/cell-therapies/cell-therapy-bioprocessing-314870/.

    Google Scholar 

  55. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Testing and approval or rejection of components, drug product containers, and closures. 2013;Title 21, Part 211.84.

    Google Scholar 

  56. USFDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Guidance for FDA reviewers and sponsors: content and review of chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC) information for human somatic cell therapy investigational new drug applications. Apr 2008. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/tissue/ucm073964.pdf

  57. International Conference on Harmonisation. Guidance on quality of biotechnological/biological products: derivation and characterization of cell substrates used for production of biotechnological/biological; availability. Fed Regist. 1998;63(182):50244–9.

    Google Scholar 

  58. USFDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Draft of points to consider in the characterization of cell lines used to produce biologicals. Jul 1993. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/safetyavailability/ucm162863.pdf

  59. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. General provisions. 2013;Title 21, Part 610, Subpart B.

    Google Scholar 

  60. USFDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Draft guidance for industry: preclinical assessment of investigational cellular and gene therapy products. Nov 2012. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/CellularandGeneTerapy/ucm329861.pdf

  61. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. General provisions. 2013;Title 21, Part 610, Subpart E.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Health Information Privacy and Portability Act of 1996. United States Statutes at large. (Pub. L. no. 104–191). 1996:100 Stat. 2548. Available from: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104pub;191/content-detail.html

  63. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Reagents. 2013: Title 21, Part 1271.210(a, b).

    Google Scholar 

  64. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, processing, packing, or holding of drugs; general. 2013;Title 21, Part 210.

    Google Scholar 

  65. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Current good tissue practice. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.10.

    Google Scholar 

  66. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Reagents. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.210(d).

    Google Scholar 

  67. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Requirements for ingredients of animal origin used for product of biologics. 2013;Title 9, Part 113.53.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Use of Materials Derived from Cattle in Medical Products Intended for Use in Humans and Drugs Intended for Use in Ruminants, Proposed Rule. Federal register 72. 12 Jan 2007:1581.

    Google Scholar 

  69. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Purchasing controls. 2013;Title 21, Part 820.50.

    Google Scholar 

  70. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Supplies and reagents. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.210.

    Google Scholar 

  71. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP36-NF31). Sterility tests. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2012. Chapter 71.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Grein TA, Freimark D, Weber C, Hudel K, Wallrapp C, Czermark P. Alternative to dimethylsulfoxide for serum-free cryopreservation of human mesenchymal cells. Int J Artif Organs. 2010;33(6):370–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Balci D, Can A. The assessment of cryopreservation conditions for human umbilical cord stroma-derived mesenchymal stem cells towards a potential use for stem cell banking. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013;8(1):60–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Buchanan SS, Gross SA, Acker JP, Toner M, Carpenter JF, Pyatt DW. Cryopreservation of stem cells using trehalose: evaluation of the method using a human hematopoietic cell line. Stem Cells Dev. 2004;13(3):295–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Fuller BJ. Cryoprotectants: the essential antifreezes to protect life in the frozen state. Cryo Lett. 2004;25(6):375–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Matsamura K, Hayashi F, Nagashima T, Hyon SH. Long-term cryopreservation of human mesenchymal stem cells using carboxylated poly-L-lysine without the addition of proteins or dimethyl sulfoxide. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2013;24(12):1484–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Woods EJ, Pollok KE, Byers MA, Perry BC, Purtteman J, Heimfeld S, Gao D. Cor blood stem cell cryopreservation. Trasnfus Med Hemother. 2007;34(4):276–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Liseth K, Abrahamsen JF, Bjørsvik S, Grøttebø K, Bruserud Ø. The viability of cryopreserved PBPC depends on the DMSO concentration and the concentration of nucleated cells in the graft. Cytotherapy. 2005;7(4):328–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Benekli M, Anderson B, Wentling D, Bernstein S, Czuczman M, McCarthy P. Severe respiratory depression after dimethylsulphoxide-containing autologous stem cell infusion in a patient with AL amyloidosis. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;25(12):1299–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Higman MA, Port JD, Beauchamp Jr NJ, Chen AR. Reversible leukoencephalopathy associated with re-infusion of DMSO preserved stem cells. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;26(7):797–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Hequet O, Dumontet C, El Jaafari-Corbin A, Salles G, Espinhouse D, Arnaud P, et al. Epileptic seizures after autologous peripheral blood progenitor infusion in a patient treated with high-dose chemotherapy for myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;29(6):544.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hoyt R, Szer J, Grigg A. Neurological events associated with the infusion of cryopreserved bone marrow and/or peripheral blood progenitor cells. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;25(12):1285–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Pavlovic M, Balint B. Principle and practice of stem cell cryopreservation. In: Pavlovic M and Balint B, ed. Stem cells and tissue engineering. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 71–81.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Matsuo A, Yamazaki Y, Takase C, Aoyagi K, Uchinuma E. Osteogenic potential of cryopreserved human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured with autologous serum. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19(3):693–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Reuther T, Kettmann C, Scheer M, Kochel M, Iida S, Kubler AC. Cryopreservation of osteoblast-like cells: viability and differentiation with replacement of fetal bovine serum in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs. 2006;183(1):32–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Dimarakis I, Levicar N. Cell culture medium composition and translational adult bone marrow-derived stem cell research. Stem Cells. 2006;24(5):1407–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Wagner K, Welch D. Cryopreservation and recovering of human iPS cells using complete knockout serum replacement feeder-free medium. J Vis Exp. 2010;41:2237.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Hunt NC, Grover LM. Cell encapsulation using biopolymer gels for regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Lett. 2010;32(6):733–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Carpenter MK, Frey-Vasconcells J, Rao M. Develo** safe therapies from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2009;27:606–13. Available from: http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v27/n7/fig_tab/nbt0709-606_F1.html.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Current good manufacturing practice for finished pharmaceuticals. 2013;Title 21, Part 211.

    Google Scholar 

  91. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Investigational new drug application. 2013;Title 21, Part 312.

    Google Scholar 

  92. USFDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. FDA guidance for industry: sterile drug products produced by aseptic processing – current good manufacturing practice. Sept 2004. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/…/Guidances/ucm070342.pdf

  93. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Scope. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.1(b).

    Google Scholar 

  94. American Association of Tissue Banks Website. State requirement for tissue bank licensure, registration or certification. Nov 2006 [cited 2 Jun 2014]. Available from: http://www.aatb.org/State-Requirements-for-Tissue-Bank-Licensure-Registration-or-Certification

  95. Dietz AB, Padley DJ and Gastineau DA. Infrastructure development for human cell therapy translation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;82:320–4. Available from: http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v82/n3/fig_tab/6100288f1.html /#figure-title

    Google Scholar 

  96. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP36-NF31). Microbiological evaluation of clean rooms and other controlled environments. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2012. Chapter 1116.

    Google Scholar 

  97. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Environmental control and monitoring. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.195.

    Google Scholar 

  98. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Identification. 2013;Title 21, Part 820.60.

    Google Scholar 

  99. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Human Drugs and Biologics. 2013;Title 21, Part 25.

    Google Scholar 

  100. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Action on an IND. 2013;Title 21, Part 25.31(e).

    Google Scholar 

  101. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Equipment. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.200.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Part 4: Design, Construction and Start-Up. Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments. ISO 14644–4:2001. Available from: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25007

  103. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Control of storage areas. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.260(e).

    Google Scholar 

  104. USFDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Guidance for FDA Reviewers and sponsors: content and review of chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC) information for human gene therapy investigational new drug applications. Apr 2008. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceCom plianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/CellularandGeneTherapy/ucm072587.htm

  105. USFDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Guidance for industry: container closure systems for packaging human drugs and biologics. May 1999. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/ucm070551.pdf

  106. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Labeling of an investigational new drug. 2013;Title 21, 312.6.

    Google Scholar 

  107. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Labeling controls. 2013;Title 21, 1271.250.

    Google Scholar 

  108. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Labeling. 2013: Title 21, 1271.370.

    Google Scholar 

  109. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. How do I store an HCT/P from a donor determined to be ineligible, and what uses of the HCT/P are not prohibited. 2013;Title 21, 1271.65.

    Google Scholar 

  110. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Are there exceptions from the requirement of determining donor eligibility and what labeling requirements apply? 2013;Title 21, 1271.90.

    Google Scholar 

  111. International Standard for Blood and Transplant (ISBT) 128 Technical Specification for Cellular Therapies. 4th ed. 2013. Available from: http://www.ICCBBA.org

  112. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Availability for distribution. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.265(c).

    Google Scholar 

  113. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Process validation. 2013;Title 21, Part 820.75.

    Google Scholar 

  114. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of Federal regulations. Testing and release for distribution. 2013;Title 21, Part 211.165.

    Google Scholar 

  115. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Responsibilities of quality control unit. 2013;Title 21, Part 211.22.

    Google Scholar 

  116. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Processing and process controls. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.220.

    Google Scholar 

  117. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Process changes. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.225.

    Google Scholar 

  118. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Production and process controls. 2013;Title 21, Part 820.70.

    Google Scholar 

  119. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Potency. 2013;Title 21, Part 610.10.

    Google Scholar 

  120. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Identity. 2013;Title 21, Part 610.14.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Lu QR, Park JK, Noll E, Chan JA, Alberta J, Yuk D, et al. Oligodendrocyte lineage genes (OLIG) as molecular markers for human glial brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(19):10851–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Sterility. 2013;Title 21, Part 610.12.

    Google Scholar 

  123. USFDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Guidance for industry: validation of growth-based rapid microbiological methods for sterility testing of cellular and gene therapy products. Feb 2008. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/CellularandGeneTherapy/ucm072612.pdf

  124. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP36-NF31). Bacterial endotoxins test. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2012. Chapter 85.

    Google Scholar 

  125. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Quality system regulation. 2013;Title 21, Part 820.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Khuu HM, Stock F, McGann M, Carter CS, Atkins JW, Murray PR, Read EJ. Comparison of automated culture systems with a CFR/USP-compliant method for sterility testing of cell therapy products. Cytotherapy. 2004;6(3):183–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Khuu HM, Patel N, Carter CS, Murray PR, Read EJ. Sterility testing of cell therapy products: parallel comparison of automated methods with a CFR-compliant method. Transfusion. 2006;46(12):2071–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP36-NF31). Cell and gene therapy products. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2012. Chapter 1047.

    Google Scholar 

  129. MycoTool PCR Mycoplasma Detection Kit: Overview. 2013 [cited 14 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.roche-applied-science.com/shop/custom-biotech/products/mycotool-pcr-mycoplasma-detection-kit

  130. Testing HCT/P Donors for Relevant Communicable Disease Agents and Diseases. 29 Jul 2013 [cited 14 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/ biologicsbloodvaccines/safetyavailability/tissuesafety/ucm095440.htm

  131. Choi KD, Vodyanik M, Slukvin II. The hematopoietic differentiation and production of mature myeloid cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc. 2011;6(3):296–313. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066067/figure/F2/

    Google Scholar 

  132. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP36-NF31). Flow cytometry. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2012. Chapter 1027.

    Google Scholar 

  133. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP36-NF31). Growth factors and cytokines used in cell therapy manufacturing. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2012. Chapter 92.

    Google Scholar 

  134. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP36-NF31). Transfusion and infusion assemblies and similar medical devices. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2012. Chapter 161.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Bacterial Endotoxins/Pyrogens. Inspections, compliance, enforcement, and criminal investigations. 20 Mar 1985 [cited 4 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.fda.rov/ICECI/Inspections/InspectionGuides/InspectionTechnicalGuides/ucm072918.htm

  136. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Management responsibility. 2013;Title 21, Part 820.80.

    Google Scholar 

  137. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Acceptable temperature limits. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.260(e).

    Google Scholar 

  138. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. General biological products standards. 2013;Title 21, Part 610.

    Google Scholar 

  139. USFDA Department of Health and Human Services. Pharmaceutical quality for the 21st century: a risk-based approach progress report. May 2007. Appendix 19: quality by design graphic. Available from http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMericaProductsandTobacco/CDER/ucm128080.htm#APPENDIX19

  140. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Production record review. 2013;Title 21, Part 211.192.

    Google Scholar 

  141. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Document controls. 2013;Title 21, Part 820.40.

    Google Scholar 

  142. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Recordkee** and record retention. 2013;Title 21, Part 312.57.

    Google Scholar 

  143. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Adverse reaction reports. 2013;Title 21, Part 1271.350(a).

    Google Scholar 

  144. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Corrective and preventative action. 2013;Title 21, Part 820.100.

    Google Scholar 

  145. US National Archives and Records Administration. Code of federal regulations. Tracking. 2013;Title 21, 1271.290.

    Google Scholar 

  146. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP36-NF31). Cell and gene therapy products. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2012. Chapter 1046.

    Google Scholar 

  147. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP31-NF26). Validation of alternative microbiological methods. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2008. Chapter 1223.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amy Lynnette Van Deusen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Van Deusen, A.L., McGary, M.E. (2016). Overview of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) for Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Therapies. In: Childers, M. (eds) Regenerative Medicine for Degenerative Muscle Diseases. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3228-3_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Navigation