Abstract
In the last 20 years, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been extensively used to investigate system-level abnormalities in the brain of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In this chapter, we start by reviewing the studies assessing regional brain differences between patients with OCD and healthy controls in task-based fMRI. Specifically, we review studies on executive functioning and emotional processing, protocols in which these patients have been described to show alterations at the behavioral level, as well as research using symptom provocation protocols. Next, we review studies on brain connectivity alterations, focusing on resting-state studies evaluating disruptions in fronto-subcortical functional connectivity and in cortical networks. Likewise, we also review research on effective connectivity, which, different from functional connectivity, allows for ascertaining the directionality of inter-regional connectivity alterations. We conclude by reviewing the most significant findings on a topic of translational impact, such as the use of different fMRI measurements to predict response across a variety of treatment approaches. Overall, results suggest that there exists a pattern of regions, involving, but not limited to, different nodes of the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits, showing robust evidence of functional alteration across studies, although the nature of the alterations critically depends on the specific tasks and their particular demands. Moreover, such findings have been, to date, poorly translated into clinical practice. It is suggested that this may be partially accounted for by the difficulty to integrate into a common framework results obtained under a wide variety of analysis approaches.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abramovitch A, Dar R, Hermesh H, Schweiger A (2012) Comparative neuropsychology of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: implications for a novel executive overload model of OCD. J Neuropsychol 6:161–191
Adler CM, McDonough-Ryan P, Sax KW, Holland SK, Arndt S, Strakowski SM (2000) fMRI of neuronal activation with symptom provocation in unmedicated patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 34(4-5):317–324
Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL (1986) Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 9:357–381
Alves-Pinto A, Rus OG, Reess TJ, Wohlschläger A, Wagner G, Berberich G, Koch K (2019) Altered reward-related effective connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an fMRI study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 44(6):395–406
An SK, Mataix-Cols D, Lawrence NS, Wooderson S, Giampietro V, Speckens A, Brammer MJ, Phillips ML (2009) To discard or not to discard: the neural basis of hoarding symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 14(3):318–331
Anticevic A, Hu S, Zhang S, Savic A, Billingslea E, Wasylink S, Repovs G, Cole MW, Bednarski S, Krystal JH, Bloch MH, Li CS, Pittenger C, Bernstein et al (2014) Global resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis identifies frontal cortex, striatal, and cerebellar dysconnectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 75(8):595–605
Apergis-Schoute AM, Gillan CM, Fineberg NA, Fernandez-Egea E, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (2017) Neural basis of impaired safety signaling in obsessive compulsive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(12):3216–3221
Armstrong CC, Moody TD, Feusner JD, McCracken JT, Chang S, Levitt JG, Piacentini JC, O’Neill J (2016) Graph-theoretical analysis of resting-state fMRI in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord 193:175–184
Baioui A, Pilgramm J, Merz CJ, Walter B, Vaitl D, Stark R (2013) Neural response in obsessive-compulsive washers depends on individual fit of triggers. Front Hum Neurosci 7:143
Banca P, Voon V, Vestergaard MD, Philipiak G, Almeida I, Pocinho F, Relvas J, Castelo-Branco M (2015) Imbalance in habitual versus goal directed neural systems during symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain 138(Pt 3):798–811
Basile B, Mancini F, Macaluso E, Caltagirone C, Bozzali M (2014) Abnormal processing of deontological guilt in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Struct Funct 219(4):1321–1331
Baxter LR Jr, Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC, Guze BH, Schwartz JM, Selin CE (1987) Local cerebral glucose metabolic rates in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A comparison with rates in unipolar depression and in normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44(3):211–218
Becker MP, Nitsch AM, Schlösser R, Koch K, Schachtzabel C, Wagner G, Miltner WH, Straube T (2014) Altered emotional and BOLD responses to negative, positive and ambiguous performance feedback in OCD. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9(8):1127–1133
Berlin HA, Schulz KP, Zhang S, Turetzky R, Rosenthal D, Goodman W (2015) Neural correlates of emotional response inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 234(2):259–264
Berlin HA, Stern ER, Ng J, Zhang S, Rosenthal D, Turetzky R, Tang C, Goodman W (2017) Altered olfactory processing and increased insula activity in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 262:15–24
Beucke JC, Kaufmann C, Linnman C, Gruetzmann R, Endrass T, Deckersbach T, Dougherty DD, Kathmann N (2012) Altered cingulostriatal coupling in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Connect 2(4):191–202
Beucke JC, Sepulcre J, Talukdar T, Linnman C, Zschenderlein K, Endrass T, Kaufmann C, Kathmann N (2013) Abnormally high degree connectivity of the orbitofrontal cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 70(6):619–629
Breiter HC, Rauch SL, Kwong KK, Baker JR, Weisskoff RM, Kennedy DN, Kendrick AD, Davis TL, Jiang A, Cohen MS, Stern CE, Belliveau JW, Baer L, O’Sullivan RL, Savage CR, Jenike MA, Rosen BR (1996) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53(7):595–606
Brennan BP, Tkachenko O, Schwab ZJ, Juelich RJ, Ryan EM, Athey AJ, Pope HG, Jenike MA, Baker JT, Killgore WD, Hudson JI, Jensen JE, Rauch SL (2015) An examination of rostral anterior cingulate cortex function and neurochemistry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 40(8):1866–1876
Britton JC, Stewart SE, Killgore WD, Rosso IM, Price LM, Gold AL, Pine DS, Wilhelm S, Jenike MA, Rauch SL (2010) Amygdala activation in response to facial expressions in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 27(7):643–651
Cannistraro PA, Wright CI, Wedig MM, Martis B, Shin LM, Wilhelm S, Rauch SL (2004) Amygdala responses to human faces in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 56(12):916–920
Cano M, Alonso P, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Subirà M, Real E, Segalàs C, Pujol J, Cardoner N, Menchón JM, Soriano-Mas C (2018) Altered functional connectivity of the subthalamus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 48(6):919–928
Cardoner N, Harrison BJ, Pujol J, Soriano-Mas C, Hernández-Ribas R, López-Solá M, Real E, Deus J, Ortiz H, Alonso P, Menchón JM (2011) Enhanced brain responsiveness during active emotional face processing in obsessive compulsive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 12(5):349–363
Chamberlain SR, Blackwell AD, Fineberg NA, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2005) The neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: the importance of failures in cognitive and behavioural inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:399–419
Chamberlain SR, Fineberg NA, Blackwell AD, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2006) Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Am J Psychiatry 163:1282–1284
Chamberlain SR, Fineberg NA, Menzies LA, Blackwell AD, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2007) Impaired cognitive flexibility and motor inhibition in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 164:335–338
Chamberlain SR, Menzies L, Hampshire A, Suckling J, Fineberg NA, del Campo N, Aitken M, Craig K, Owen AM, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2008) Orbitofrontal dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their unaffected relatives. Science 321(5887):421–422
Cheng Y, Xu J, Nie B, Luo C, Yang T, Li H, Lu J, Xu L, Shan B, Xu X (2013) Abnormal resting-state activities and functional connectivities of the anterior and the posterior cortexes in medication-naïve patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. PLoS One 8(6):e67478
Cyr M, Pagliaccio D, Yanes-Lukin P, Fontaine M, Rynn MA, Marsh R (2020) Altered network connectivity predicts response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 45(7):1232-1240
de Vries FE, de Wit SJ, Cath DC, van der Werf YD, van der Borden V, van Rossum TB, van Balkom AJ, van der Wee NJ, Veltman DJ, van den Heuvel OA (2014) Compensatory frontoparietal activity during working memory: an endophenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 76(11):878–887
de Wit SJ, de Vries FE, van der Werf YD, Cath DC, Heslenfeld DJ, Veltman EM, van Balkom AJ, Veltman DJ, van den Heuvel OA (2012) Presupplementary motor area hyperactivity during response inhibition: a candidate endophenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 169(10):1100–1108
de Wit SJ, van der Werf YD, Mataix-Cols D, Trujillo JP, van Oppen P, Veltman DJ, van den Heuvel OA (2015) Emotion regulation before and after transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 45(14):3059–3073
Diwadkar VA, Burgess A, Hong E, Rix C, Arnold PD, Hanna GL, Rosenberg DR (2015) Dysfunctional activation and brain network profiles in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a focus on the dorsal anterior cingulate during working memory. Front Hum Neurosci 9:149
Douw L, Quaak M, Fitzsimmons SMDD, de Wit SJ, van der Werf YD, van den Heuvel OA, Vriend C (2020) Static and dynamic network properties of the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation target predict changes in emotion regulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Stimul 13(2):318–326
Dunlop K, Woodside B, Olmsted M, Colton P, Giacobbe P, Downar J (2016) Reductions in cortico-striatal hyperconnectivity accompany successful treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with dorsomedial prefrontal rTMS. Neuropsychopharmacology 41(5):1395–1403
Endrass T, Ullsperger M (2014) Specificity of performance monitoring changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 46(Pt 1):124–138
Etkin A, Wager TD (2007) Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry 164(10):1476–1488
Fan J, Zhong M, Gan J, Liu W, Niu C, Liao H, Zhang H, Yi J, Chan RCK, Tan C, Zhu X (2017) Altered connectivity within and between the default mode, central executive, and salience networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord 223:106–114
Feusner JD, Moody T, Lai TM, Sheen C, Khalsa S, Brown J, Levitt J, Alger J, O’Neill J (2015) Brain connectivity and prediction of relapse after cognitive-behavioral therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Front Psychiatry 6:74
Figee M, Vink M, de Geus F, Vulink N, Veltman DJ, Westenberg H, Denys D (2011) Dysfunctional reward circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 69(9):867–874
Fornito A, Bullmore ET (2010) What can spontaneous fluctuations of the blood oxygenation-level-dependent signal tell us about psychiatric disorders? Curr Opin Psychiatry 23(3):239–249
Fox MD, Raichle ME (2007) Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 8(9):700–711
Freyer T, Klöppel S, Tüscher O, Kordon A, Zurowski B, Kuelz AK, Speck O, Glauche V, Voderholzer U (2011) Frontostriatal activation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychol Med 41(1):207–216
Friedman AL, Burgess A, Ramaseshan K, Easter P, Khatib D, Chowdury A, Arnold PD, Hanna GL, Rosenberg DR, Diwadkar VA (2017) Brain network dysfunction in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder induced by simple uni-manual behavior: the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 260:6–15
Friston KJ, Buechel C, Fink GR, Morris J, Rolls E, Dolan RJ (1997) Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging. Neuroimage 6(3):218–229
Fullana MA, Zhu X, Alonso P, Cardoner N, Real E, López-Solà C, Segalàs C, Subirà M, Galfalvy H, Menchón JM, Simpson HB, Marsh R, Soriano-Mas C (2017) Basolateral amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity predicts cognitive behavioural therapy outcome in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 42(6):378–385
Gilbert AR, Akkal D, Almeida JRC, Mataix-Cols D, Kalas C, Devlin B, Birmaher B, Phillips ML (2009) Neural correlates of symptom dimensions in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48(9):936–944
Gillan CM, Robbins TW (2014) Goal-directed learning and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 369(1655):20130475
Gillan CM, Apergis-Schoute AM, Morein-Zamir S, Urcelay GP, Sule A, Fineberg NA, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (2015) Functional neuroimaging of avoidance habits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 172(3):284–293
Gonçalves ÓF, Soares JM, Carvalho S, Leite J, Ganho A, Fernandes-Gonçalves A, Frank B, Pocinho F, Relvas J, Carracedo A, Sampaio A (2015) Brain activation of the defensive and appetitive survival systems in obsessive compulsive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 9(2):255–263
Göttlich M, Krämer UM, Kordon A, Hohagen F, Zurowski B (2014) Decreased limbic and increased fronto-parietal connectivity in unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 35(11):5617–5632
Göttlich M, Krämer UM, Kordon A, Hohagen F, Zurowski B (2015) Resting-state connectivity of the amygdala predicts response to cognitive behavioral therapy in obsessive compulsive disorder. Biol Psychol 111:100–109
Greicius M (2008) Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 21(4):424–430
Grützmann R, Endrass T, Kaufmann C, Allen E, Eichele T, Kathmann N (2016) Presupplementary motor area contributes to altered error monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 80:562–571
Gu BM, Park JY, Kang DH, Lee SJ, Yoo SY, Jo HJ, Choi CH, Lee JM, Kwon JS (2008) Neural correlates of cognitive inflexibility during task-switching in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain 131(Pt1):155–164
Gürsel DA, Avram M, Sorg C, Brandl F, Koch K (2018) Frontoparietal areas link impairments of large-scale intrinsic brain networks with aberrant fronto-striatal interactions in OCD: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 87:151–160
Gürsel DA, Reinholz L, Bremer B, Schmitz-Koep B, Franzmeier N, Avram M, Koch K (2020) Frontoparietal and salience network alterations in obsessive–compulsive disorder: insights from independent component and sliding time window analyses. J Psychiatry Neurosci 45(3):190038
Haber SN (2003) The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks. J Chem Neuroanat 26(4):317–330
Hampshire A, Zadel A, Sandrone S, Soreq E, Fineberg N, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ, Chamberlain SR (2020) Inhibition-related cortical hypoconnectivity as a candidate vulnerability marker for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 5(2):222–230
Han HJ, Jung WH, Yun JY, Park JW, Cho KK, Hur JW, Shin NY, Lee TY, Kwon JS (2016) Disruption of effective connectivity from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex by negative emotional distraction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 46(5):921–932
Harrison BJ, Soriano-Mas C, Pujol J, Ortiz H, López-Solà M, Hernández-Ribas R, Deus J, Alonso P, Yücel M, Pantelis C, Menchon JM, Cardoner N (2009) Altered corticostriatal functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(11):1189–1200
Harrison BJ, Pujol J, Soriano-Mas C, Hernández-Ribas R, López-Solà M, Ortiz H, Alonso P, Deus J, Menchon JM, Real E, Segalàs C, Contreras-Rodríguez O, Blanco-Hinojo L, Cardoner N (2012) Neural correlates of moral sensitivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69(7):741–749
Harrison BJ, Pujol J, Cardoner N, Deus J, Alonso P, López-Solà M, Contreras-Rodríguez O, Real E, Segalàs C, Blanco-Hinojo L, Menchon JM, Soriano-Mas C (2013) Brain corticostriatal systems and the major clinical symptom dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 73(4):321–328
Hauser TU, Iannaccone R, Dolan RJ, Ball J, Hättenschwiler J, Drechsler R, Rufer M, Brandeis D, Walitza S, Brem S (2017) Increased fronto-striatal reward prediction errors moderate decision making in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 47(7):1246–1258
Heinzel S, Kaufmann C, Grützmann R, Hummel R, Klawohn J, Riesel A, Bey K, Lennertz L, Wagner M, Kathmann N (2017) Neural correlates of working memory deficits and associations to response inhibition in obsessive compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin 17:426–434
Hennig-Fast K, Michl P, Müller J, Niedermeier N, Coates U, Müller N, Engel RR, Möller HJ, Reiser M, Meindl T (2015) Obsessive-compulsive disorder--A question of conscience? An fMRI study of behavioural and neurofunctional correlates of shame and guilt. J Psychiatr Res 68:354–362
Hou JM, Zhao M, Zhang W, Song LH, Wu WJ, Wang J, Zhou DQ, **e B, He M, Guo JW, Qu W, Li HT (2014) Resting-state functional connectivity abnormalities in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their healthy first-degree relatives. J Psychiatry Neurosci 39(5):304–311
Huettel SA, Song AW, McCarthy G (2004) Functional magnetic resonance imaging. Sinauer Associates Press, Sunderland
Huyser C, Veltman DJ, Wolters LH, de Haan E, Boer F (2010) Functional magnetic resonance imaging during planning before and after cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49(12):1238–1248
Huyser C, Veltman DJ, Wolters LH, de Haan E, Boer F (2011) Developmental aspects of error and high-conflict-related brain activity in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a fMRI study with a Flanker task before and after CBT. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52(12):1251–1260
Jang JH, Kim JH, Jung WH, Choi JS, Jung MH, Lee JM, Choi CH, Kang DH, Kwon JS (2010) Functional connectivity in fronto-subcortical circuitry during the resting state in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosci Lett 474(3):158–162
Jung WH, Kang DH, Kim E, Shin KS, Jang JH, Kwon JS (2013) Abnormal corticostriatal-limbic functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder during reward processing and resting-state. Neuroimage Clin 3:27–38
Jung WH, Yücel M, Yun JY, Yoon YB, Cho KI, Parkes L, Kim SN, Kwon JS (2017) Altered functional network architecture in orbitofronto-striato-thalamic circuit of unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 38(1):109–119
Kang DH, Jang JH, Han JY, Kim JH, Jung WH, Choi JS, Choi CH, Kwon JS (2013) Neural correlates of altered response inhibition and dysfunctional connectivity at rest in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 40:340–346
Kim M, Kwak S, Yoon YB, Kwak YB, Kim T, Cho KIK, Lee TY, Kwon JS (2019) Functional connectivity of the raphe nucleus as a predictor of the response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 44(12):2073–2081
Koch K, Wagner G, Schachtzabel C, Peikert G, Schultz CC, Sauer H, Schlösser RG (2012) Aberrant anterior cingulate activation in obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to task complexity. Neuropsychologia 50(5):958–964
Lawrence NS, An SK, Mataix-Cols D, Ruths F, Speckens A, Phillips ML (2007) Neural responses to facial expressions of disgust but not fear are modulated by washing symptoms in OCD. Biol Psychiatry 61(9):1072–1080
Li P, Yang X, Greenshaw AJ, Li S, Luo J, Han H, Liu J, Zhong Z, Guo Z, **ong H, Yao S, Chen Y, Sun J, Li Z (2018) The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on resting-state functional brain network in drug-naive patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Behav 8(5):e00963
Mataix-Cols D, Wooderson S, Lawrence N, Brammer MJ, Speckens A, Phillips ML (2004) Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(6):564–576
Mathews CA, Perez VB, Delucchi KL, Mathalon DH (2012) Error-related negativity in individuals with obsessive-compulsive symptoms: toward an understanding of hoarding behaviors. Biol Psychol 89(2):487–494
McCabe C, Mishor Z (2011) Antidepressant medications reduce subcortical-cortical resting-state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers. Neuroimage 57(4):1317–1323
Menon V (2011) Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model. Trends Cogn Sci 15(10):483–506
Menzies L, Chamberlain SR, Laird AR, Thelen SM, Sahakian BJ, Bullmore ET (2008) Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the orbitofronto-striatal model revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32(3):525–549
Meunier D, Ersche KD, Craig KJ, Fornito A, Merlo-Pich E, Fineberg NA, Shabbir SS, Robbins TW, Bullmore ET (2012) Brain functional connectivity in stimulant drug dependence and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroimage 59(2):1461–1468
Milad MR, Rauch SL (2012) Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways. Trends Cogn Sci 16(1):43–51
Milad MR, Furtak SC, Greenberg JL, Keshaviah A, Im JJ, Falkenstein MJ, Jenike M, Rauch SL, Wilhelm S (2013) Deficits in conditioned fear extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder and neurobiological changes in the fear circuit. JAMA Psychiatry 70(6):608–618
Moody TD, Morfini F, Cheng G, Sheen C, Tadayonnejad R, Reggente N, O'Neill J, Feusner JD (2017) Mechanisms of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder involve robust and extensive increases in brain network connectivity. Transl Psychiatry 7(9):e1230
Morein-Zamir S, Voon V, Dodds CM, Sule A, van Niekerk J, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (2016) Divergent subcortical activity for distinct executive functions: stop** and shifting in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 46:829–840
Moreira PS, Marques P, Magalhães R, Esteves M, Sousa N, Soares JM, Morgado P (2019) The resting-brain of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 290:38–41
Morgiève M, N'Diaye K, Haynes WI, Granger B, Clair AH, Pelissolo A, Mallet L (2014) Dynamics of psychotherapy-related cerebral haemodynamic changes in obsessive compulsive disorder using a personalized exposure task in functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol Med 44(7):1461–1473
Murayama K, Nakao T, Sanematsu H, Okada K, Yoshiura T, Tomita M, Masuda Y, Isomura K, Nakagawa A, Kanba S (2013) Differential neural network of checking versus washing symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 40:160–166
Murray GK, Knolle F, Ersche KD, Craig KJ, Abbott S, Shabbir SS, Fineberg NA, Suckling J, Sahakian BJ, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW (2019) Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 236(8):2325–2336
Nakao T, Nakagawa A, Yoshiura T, Nakatani E, Nabeyama M, Yoshizato C, Kudoh A, Tada K, Yoshioka K, Kawamoto M, Togao O, Kanba S (2005) Brain activation of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder during neuropsychological and symptom provocation tasks before and after symptom improvement: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 57(8):901–910
Norman LJ, Taylor SF, Liu Y, Radua J, Chye Y, De Wit SJ, Huyser C, Karahanoglu FI, Luks T, Manoach D, Mathews C, Rubia K, Suo C, van den Heuvel OA, Yücel M, Fitzgerald K (2019) Error processing and inhibitory control in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis using statistical parametric maps. Biol Psychiatry 85(9):713–725
Ogawa S, Lee TM, Kay AR, Tank DW (1990) Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87(24):9868–9872
Olatunji BO, Ferreira-Garcia R, Caseras X, Fullana MA, Wooderson S, Speckens A, Lawrence N, Giampietro V, Brammer MJ, Phillips ML, Fontenelle LF, Mataix-Cols D (2014) Predicting response to cognitive behavioral therapy in contamination-based obsessive-compulsive disorder from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol Med 44(10):2125–2137
Page LA, Rubia K, Deeley Q, Daly E, Toal F, Mataix-Cols D, Giampietro V, Schmitz N, Murphy DGM (2009) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of inhibitory control in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 174:202–209
Pagliaccio D, Middleton R, Hezel D, Steinman S, Snorrason I, Gershkovich M, Campeas R, Pinto A, Van Meter P, Simpson HB, Marsh R (2019) Task-based fMRI predicts response and remission to exposure therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(41):20346–20353
Park SE, Yang JC, Jeong GW (2016) Neuroanatomical assessment of the impact of negative emotion on implicit memory in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Acta Neuropsychiatr 28(4):206–213
Peng ZW, Xu T, He QH, Shi CZ, Wei Z, Miao GD, **g J, Lim KO, Zuo XN, Chan RC (2014) Default network connectivity as a vulnerability marker for obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 44(7):1475–1484
Phillips ML, Marks IM, Senior C, Lythgoe D, O'Dwyer AM, Meehan O, Williams SC, Brammer MJ, Bullmore ET, McGuire PK (2000) A differential neural response in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with washing compared with checking symptoms to disgust. Psychol Med 30(5):1037–1050
Picó-Pérez M, Alemany-Navarro M, Dunsmoor JE, Radua J, Albajes-Eizagirre A, Vervliet B, Cardoner N, Benet O, Harrison BJ, Soriano-Mas C, Fullana MA (2019) Common and distinct neural correlates of fear extinction and cognitive reappraisal: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 104:102–115
Picó-Pérez M, Moreira PS, de Melo Ferreira V, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Sousa N, Soriano-Mas C, Morgado P (2020) Modality-specific overlaps in brain structure and function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multimodal meta-analysis of case-control MRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 112:83–94
** L, Su-Fang L, Hai-Ying H, Zhang-Ye D, Jia L, Zhi-Hua G, Hong-Fang X, Yu-Feng Z, Zhan-Jiang L (2013) Abnormal spontaneous neural activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. PLoS One 8(6):e67262
Posner J, Marsh R, Maia TV, Peterson BS, Gruber A, Simpson HB (2014) Reduced functional connectivity within the limbic cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop in unmedicated adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 35(6):2852–2860
Pujol J, Blanco-Hinojo L, Maciá D, Alonso P, Harrison BJ, Martínez-Vilavella G, Deus J, Menchón JM, Cardoner N, Soriano-Mas C (2019) Map** alterations of the functional structure of the cerebral cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cereb Cortex 29(11):4753–4762
Raichle ME (2015) The restless brain: how intrinsic activity organizes brain function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 370:1668
Raichle ME, Mintun MA (2006) Brain work and brain imaging. Annu Rev Neurosci 29:449–476
Reggente N, Moody TD, Morfini F, Sheen C, Rissman J, O’Neill J, Feusner JD (2018) Multivariate resting-state functional connectivity predicts response to cognitive behavioral therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115(9):2222–2227
Remijnse PL, Nielen MM, van Balkom AJ, Cath DC, van Oppen P, Uylings HB, Veltman DJ (2006) Reduced orbitofrontal-striatal activity on a reversal learning task in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63(11):1225–1236
Robbins TW, Vaghi MM, Banca P (2019) Obsessive-compulsive disorder: puzzles and prospects. Neuron 102(1):27–47
Rotge JY, Guehl D, Dilharreguy B, Cuny E, Tignol J, Bioulac B, Allard M, Burbaud P, Aouizerate B (2008) Provocation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a quantitative voxel-based meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. J Psychiatry Neurosci 33(5):405–412
Roth RM, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, Pixley HS, West JD, Mamourian AC (2007) Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of response inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 62:901–909
Rus OG, Reess TJ, Wagner G, Zimmer C, Zaudig M, Koch K (2016) Functional and structural connectivity of the amygdala in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin 13:246–255
Sakai Y, Narumoto J, Nishida S, Nakamae T, Yamada K, Nishimura T, Fukui K (2011) Corticostriatal functional connectivity in non-medicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 26(7):463–469
Sanematsu H, Nakao T, Yoshiura T, Nabeyama M, Togao O, Tomita M, Masuda Y, Nakatani E, Nakagawa A, Kanba S (2010) Predictors of treatment response to fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an fMRI study. J Psychiatr Res 44(4):193–200
Schienle A, Schäfer A, Stark R, Walter B, Vaitl D (2005) Neural responses of OCD patients towards disorder-relevant, generally disgust-inducing and fear-inducing pictures. Int J Psychophysiol 57(1):69–77
Schlösser RGM, Wagner G, Schachtzabel C, Peikert G, Koch K, Reichenbach JR, Sauer H (2010) Fronto-cingulate effective connectivity in obsessive compulsive disorder: a study with fMRI and dynamic causal modeling. Hum Brain Mapp 31:1834–1850
Shapira NA, Liu Y, He AG, Bradley MM, Lessig MC, James GA, Stein DJ, Lang PJ, Goodman WK (2003) Brain activation by disgust-inducing pictures in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 54(7):751–756
Shepherd GM (2013) Corticostriatal connectivity and its role in disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 14(4):278–291
Simon D, Kaufmann C, Müsch K, Kischkel E, Kathmann N (2010) Fronto-striato-limbic hyperactivation in obsessive-compulsive disorder during individually tailored symptom provocation. Psychophysiology 47(4):728–738
Simon D, Adler N, Kaufmann C, Kathmann N (2014) Amygdala hyperactivation during symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder and its modulation by distraction. Neuroimage Clin 4:549–557
Stern ER, Taylor SF (2014) Cognitive neuroscience of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 37(3):337–352
Stern ER, Fitzgerald KD, Welsh RC, Abelson JL, Taylor SF (2012) Resting-state functional connectivity between fronto-parietal and default mode networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder. PLoS One 7(5):e36356
Suñol M, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Picó-Pérez M, López-Solà C, Real E, Fullana MA, Pujol J, Cardoner N, Menchón JM, Alonso P, Soriano-Mas C (2020) Differential patterns of brain activation between hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder during executive performance. Psychol Med 50(4):666–673
Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, van den Heuvel OA (2018) Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 3(6):563–571
Thorsen AL, Vriend C, de Wit SJ, Ousdal OT, Hagen K, Hansen B, Kvale G, van den Heuvel OA (2020) Effects of Bergen 4-day treatment on resting-state graph features in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging S2451-9022(20)30026-4
Tian L, Meng C, Jiang Y, Tang Q, Wang S, **e X, Fu X, ** C, Zhang F, Wang J (2015) Abnormal functional connectivity of brain network hubs associated with symptom severity in treatment-naive patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a resting-state functional MRI study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 66:104–111
Tyagi H, Apergis-Schoute AM, Akram H, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Drummond LM, Fineberg NA, Matthews K, Jahanshahi M, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ, Zrinzo L, Hariz M, Joyce EM (2019) A randomized trial directly comparing ventral capsule and anteromedial subthalamic nucleus stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and imaging evidence for dissociable effects. Biol Psychiatry 85(9):726–734
Ursu S, Stenger VA, Shear MK, Jones MR, Carter CS (2003) Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol Sci 14(4):347–353
Vaghi MM, Vértes PE, Kitzbichler MG, Apergis-Schoute AM, van der Flier FE, Fineberg NA, Sule A, Zaman R, Voon V, Kundu P, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW (2017) Specific frontostriatal circuits for impaired cognitive flexibility and goal-directed planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from resting-state functional connectivity. Biol Psychiatry 81(8):708–717
van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, Cath DC, van Balkom AJ, van Hartskamp J, Barkhof F, van Dyck R (2005a) Frontal-striatal dysfunction during planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(3):301–309
van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, Witter MP, Merkelbach J, Cath DC, van Balkom AJ, van Oppen P, van Dyck R (2005b) Disorder-specific neuroanatomical correlates of attentional bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and hypochondriasis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(8):922–933
van der Straten A, Huyser C, Wolters L, Denys D, van Wingen G (2018) Long-term effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on planning and prefrontal cortex function in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 3(4):320–328
van der Wee NJ, Ramsey NF, Jansma JM, Denys DA, van Megen HJ, Westenberg HM, Kahn RS (2003) Spatial working memory deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder are associated with excessive engagement of the medial frontal cortex. Neuroimage 20(4):2271–2280
Via E, Cardoner N, Pujol J, Alonso P, López-Solà M, Real E, Contreras-Rodríguez O, Deus J, Segalàs C, Menchón JM, Soriano-Mas C, Harrison BJ (2014) Amygdala activation and symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 204(1):61–68
Weidt S, Lutz J, Rufer M, Delsignore A, Jakob NJ, Herwig U, Bruehl AB (2016) Common and differential alterations of general emotion processing in obsessive-compulsive and social anxiety disorder. Psychol Med 46(7):1427–1436
Yang XY, Sun J, Luo J, Zhong ZX, Li P, Yao SM, **ong HF, Huang FF, Li ZJ (2015) Regional homogeneity of spontaneous brain activity in adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after cognitive behavioural therapy. J Affect Disord 188:243–251
Yin D, Zhang C, Lv Q, Chen X, Zeljic K, Gong H, Zhan S, ** H, Wang Z, Sun B (2018) Dissociable frontostriatal connectivity: mechanism and predictor of the clinical efficacy of capsulotomy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 84(12):926–936
Yücel M, Harrison BJ, Wood SJ, Fornito A, Wellard RM, Pujol J, Clarke K, Phillips ML, Kyrios M, Velakoulis D, Pantelis C (2007) Functional and biochemical alterations of the medial frontal cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64:946–955
Zhang T, Wang J, Yang Y, Wu Q, Li B, Chen L, Yue Q, Tang H, Yan C, Lui S, Huang X, Chan RC, Zang Y, He Y, Gong Q (2011) Abnormal small-world architecture of top-down control networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 36(1):23–31
Disclosures
The author reports no interests to disclose.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Soriano-Mas, C. (2021). Functional Brain Imaging and OCD. In: Fineberg, N.A., Robbins, T.W. (eds) The Neurobiology and Treatment of OCD: Accelerating Progress. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 49. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2020_203
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2020_203
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-75392-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-75393-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)