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Graphene Based Materials in Neural Tissue Regeneration

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Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 3

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((CBTMED,volume 1107))

Abstract

Due to its extraordinary features such as large surface area, high electrical conductivity, chemical stability and mechanical properties, graphene attracts great interest in various fields of biomedical sciences including biosensors, cancer therapy, diagnosis and regenerative medicine. The use of graphene-based materials has been of great interest for the design of scaffolds that can promote neural tissue regeneration. Recent studies published over the last few years clearly show that graphene and graphene based materials promote adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of various cells including embryonic stem cells (ESC), neural stem cells (NSC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Therefore graphene based materials are one of the promising nanoplatforms in regenerative medicine for neural tissue injury. With its unique topographic and chemical properties, graphene is used as a scaffold that could provide a bridge between regenerating nerves. More importantly, as a conductive substrate, graphene allows the continuation of electrical conduction between damaged nerve ends. The integration of supportive cells such as glial, neural precursor or stem cells in such a scaffold shows higher regeneration when compared to currently used neural autografts and nerve conduits. This review discusses the details of such studies involving graphene based materials with a special interest on neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells or pluripotent stem cells.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two dimentional

3D:

Three dimentional

1 step-G:

One-step growth

2 step-G:

Two-step growth

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

b-FGF:

Basic fibroblast growth factor

CNS:

Central nervous system

Cu:

Copper

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

ELF-EMF:

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

ESCs:

Embryonic stem cells

FGF-2:

Fibroblast growth factor 2

G:

Graphene

GO:

Graphene oxide

hADMSCs:

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

hMSCs:

Human mesenchymal stem cells

hNPCs:

Human neural progenitor cells

hNSCs:

Human neural stem cells

IFNγ:

Interferon-γ

iPSCs:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

LIF:

Leukemia inhibitory factor

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NGLC:

Nanocrystalline glass-like carbon film

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NGO:

Nanosized graphene oxide

NPCs:

Neural progenitor cells

NSCs:

Neural stem cells

PADM:

Porcine acellular dermal matrix

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PEDOT:

Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

PEG:

Poly (ethylene glycol)

PN:

Peripheral nerve

PNI:

Peripheral nerve injury

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

PU:

Polyurethane

rGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

SCs:

Schwann cells

SDIA:

Stromal cell-derived inducing activity

siNPs:

Silica nanoparticles

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

TCPS:

Tissue culture polystyrene

TiO2 :

Titanium dioxide

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Acknowledgement

AY, HT and CG acknowledge support by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey and FlagEra Graphene Project G-IMMUNOMICS (TUBITAK, grant number 315S202).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Tandogan/Ankara, Turkey

    Tugce Aydin & Cansu Gurcan

  2. Engineering Faculty, Biomedical Engineering Department, Ankara University, Tandogan/Ankara, Turkey

    Tugce Aydin, Cansu Gurcan, Hadiseh Taheri & Açelya Yilmazer

  3. Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Balgat/Ankara, Turkey

    Açelya Yilmazer

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  1. Tugce Aydin
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  2. Cansu Gurcan
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  3. Hadiseh Taheri
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  4. Açelya Yilmazer
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Correspondence to Açelya Yilmazer .

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  1. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Osgoode, ON, Canada

    Kursad Turksen

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Aydin, T., Gurcan, C., Taheri, H., Yilmazer, A. (2018). Graphene Based Materials in Neural Tissue Regeneration. In: Turksen, K. (eds) Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 3. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1107. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2018_221

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