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Spinal cord involvement in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic infectious demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by JC...
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Fatal form of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) developed post pneumonia in a solid organ transplant recipient
BackgroundImmune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a complex phenomenon commonly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)....
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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome drives emergence of HIV drug resistance from multiple anatomic compartments in a person living with HIV
Reservoirs of HIV maintained in anatomic compartments during antiretroviral therapy prevent HIV eradication. However, mechanisms driving their...
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A case of syphilis associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and review of the literature
BackgroundImmune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) associated with syphilis has rarely been described in HIV-infected patients. Diagnosis...
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Severe BCG immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome lymphadenitis successfully managed with pre-antiretroviral counseling and a non-surgical approach: a case report
BackgroundBacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) reactions are the most common cause of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-positive...
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Paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in initiating ART among HIV-Infected patients in China-risk factors and management
BackgroundChina is a country burdened with a high incidence of both tuberculosis (TB) and HIV, Paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune...
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Newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with antiretroviral therapy-induced immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case report
BackgroundDiabetes that develops in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) is usually type 2...
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after fingolimod cessation? A case report
BackgroundFingolimod is associated with an increased risk of develo** progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML); however, its...
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The use of TNF-α antagonists in tuberculosis to control severe paradoxical reaction or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case series and literature review
Paradoxical reaction (PR) and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) are common complications of tuberculosis treatment. Corticosteroids...
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Unmasked immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome towards B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma during treatment of esophageal actinomycosis in a patient with advanced HIV: a case report
BackgroundActinomycosis is an unusual chronic bacterial infection, even rarer in people living with HIV. It is not considered an AIDS-defining...
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Immune Reconstitution Following Stem Cell Transplant
Immune reconstitution refers to the recovery of different immune cells post stem cell transplant (SCT). It is important for immune system to...
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Pneumocystis jirovecii-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome-like phenomenon in a child with leukaemia: a case report and literature review
BackgroundImmune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) refers to the phenomenon of intense immune responses against pathogens in patients with...
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Hypercalcemia as a rare manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in a person living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) with disseminated nontuberculous mycobacteriosis
IntroductionGranulomatosis due to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare ( M. avium )...
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A nomogram for predicting paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected individuals in China
BackgroundCryptococcal meningitis (CM) associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (CM-IRIS) is the second most common complication in...
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Hyperinflammatory syndrome in a paediatric patient with a recent diagnosis of HIV/AIDS infection: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or immune reconstitution syndrome?
IntroductionHaemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a rare and life-threatening condition caused by uncontrolled immune activation leading to...
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Frosted branch angiitis due to cytomegalovirus-associated unmasking immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case report and literature review
BackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The common...
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Immune recovery uveitis: a focus review
Immune recovery uveitis (IRU) is an intraocular inflammation that typically occurs as part of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in...
