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Introduction to Space Weather
Adverse space weather is one of the principal threats to modern human technology. Solar coronal mass ejections, large solar flares, and high-speed...
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Space Weather Effects in the Upper Atmosphere: Low and Middle Latitudes
In this chapter the space weather effects in the upper atmosphere are investigated. It is discussed how space weather affects satellites and radio...
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12 Microbial Life in Brines, Evaporites and Saline Sediments: The Search for Life on Mars
When water on a planet begins to evaporate the dissolved minerals become more concentrated, form a brine, eventually precipitating out of solution...
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5 Global Distribution of Subsurface Water Measured by Mars Odyssey
While the presence of water in minerals of the Martian surface has been known for many years and the storage of ground ice in the past and present...
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Course 15: Observations of the High Energy $\gamma$ -Ray Universe
This article describes the nature and current status of observational programs studying astrophysical high energy...
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Course 1: Accretion and Ejection-Related MHD
This lecture is an introduction to MHD. Relevant equations, both in the classical and special-relativistic regimes are derived. The magnetic field...
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Course 7: Cosmic Rays and Particle Acceleration at Astrophysical Shocks
The acceleration of particles in the vicinity of astrophysical shocks has become the main paradigm in astrophysics for the production of cosmic rays...
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The Material-Independent Signatures of Life.Forensic Tools of Astrobiology
Biological life is intimately related to the geochemical conditions on Earth and is fit for this planet’s energy flux. It has often been suggested...
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The Early History of Bio-Information
In a general sense, the information level of a structure equals the minimum number of instructions needed to specify the structure (Orgel 1973). The...
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Assembling the Early Puzzle of Life
So far no theory, no approach, no set of formulas, and no blackboard scheme have been found satisfactory in explaining the origin of life. The...
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Course 12: Evolution of YSO Disks
As stars and planets form from accretion processes in disks, it is important to understand these processes and their evolutionary implications. While...
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Course 11: Accretion Signatures in Young Stellar Objects
Mass accretion onto the star is taken place in young stellar objects, providing the energy needed to power the excess emission observed at all...
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Course 8: The Black Hole Environments
Compact objects are astrophysical entities with radii smaller than about 10 Schwarzschild radii. The mass spectrum of these objects ranges from the...
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Course 13: X-Rays from YSOS: Desperately Seeking the Central Engine
The earliest stages of the evolution of low-mass stars are characterized by the presence of powerful jets, likely originating from accretion via...
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Course 6: Gamma-Ray Bursts
This lecture is an introduction to the study of gamma-ray bursts. Observations of the burst and its afterglow are first reviewed, with the...
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Course 9: Accretion around Active Galactic Nuclei
In bright AGN, at distances of several Schwarzschild radii, the accretion onto a black hole proceeds predominantly in a form of a cool accretion...
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The Early History of Bioenergy
Energy is most commonly defined as the potential to do work. The maintenance of the living state requires a constant flow of energy through the...
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Observation of Plasma Fluctuations
The diagnostics of fluctuating plasma quantities and their evaluation is an important issue in the context of plasma waves, instabilities, and...
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Magnetic Confinement
This chapter describes the basic principles of magnetic confinement. The main representatives of magnetic confinement are the mirror machine, the...
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Low Temperature Plasmas
Characteristic properties and generation mechanisms of low temperature plasmas in different gas discharges are presented. A special part is focussed...