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  1. Article

    Open Access

    Carotid-cavernous fistula(CCF) presenting as paroxysmal painful ophthalmoplegia

    Painful ophthalmoplegia can be caused by various etiologies, and broad differential diagnosis is needed. Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is a rare cause of painful ophthalmoplegia, and early diagnosis is quite...

    Shan Li, Bin Feng, Yabo Feng, Zaiying Pang, Youting Lin in BMC Ophthalmology (2019)