Epilepsy Case Studies
Pearls for Patient Care
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Open AccessOvercoming traps and pitfalls leading to misinterpretation of normal EEG variants and variation of the background activity
Normal EEG variants, especially the epileptiform variants, can be challenging to interpret because they often have sharp contours and may be confused with “epileptic” interictal activities. However, they can b...
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Status Epilepticus
EMM is a 67-year-old female presented to an outlying hospital with unresponsiveness for 2 h. At the emergency department she had generalized tonic-clonic seizure lasting 60 min. She was treated with intravenou...
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Enhanced sensitivity of electrocorticography during awake craniotomy using a novel circular grid electrode
Awake craniotomy with intraoperative functional brain map** (FBM) bedside neurological testing is an important technique used to optimize resective brain surgeries near eloquent cortex. Awake craniotomy perf...
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Open AccessDetermining ICU EEG periodic patterns and why it matters
Historically, periodic EEG patterns were described as any pattern with stereotyped paroxysmal complexes occurring at regular intervals, i.e., the period (T). T is the sum of the duration of the waveform (t1) and,...
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Open AccessTreatment of Seizure Clusters in Epilepsy: A Narrative Review on Rescue Therapies
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder in the United States, affecting approximately 1.2% of the population. Some people with epilepsy may experience seizure clusters, which are acute repetitive seizures t...
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Open AccessBrief potentially ictal rhythmic discharges on intraoperative electrocorticography predict a good outcome of focal cortical dysplasia after surgical resection: a case report
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a common cause of drug-resistant epilepsy. Electroencephalography (EEG) biomarkers that predict good postoperative outcomes are essential for identifying patients with focal e...
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Convulsive Syncope
Myoclonic jerks seen during an episode of transient loss of consciousness often arouse concerns that the patient may be having epileptic seizures. Myoclonus, however, is not specific to epilepsy and frequently...
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Infrequent Seizures (Oligoepilepsy)
Infrequent seizures can pose a treatment dilemma. Selected patients with a history of 1–2 seizure(s) may be a candidate for observation without antiseizure medication (ASM), especially if recurrence is rare or...
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Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy
Myoclonic epilepsy presenting in a cognitively normal adolescent is often related to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. However, there are similar clinical features that suggest progressive myoclonus epilepsy. These...
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VNS and Epilepsy
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a treatment option for adult and pediatric patients with drug-resistant focal or generalized epilepsy. Typically, seizure frequency will be reduced by at least half in at least...
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Psychosocial Aspects and Stigma
There is often significant stigma associated with people affected by seizures and diagnosed with epilepsy. The effects of stigmatization in people with epilepsy can often be significant resulting in impaired p...
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Electroclinical Localization and Treatment
Semiology forms the basis for a clinical diagnosis based upon observation and with ancillary testing (i.e., Brain MRI and EEG) is the foundation for the classification of epileptic seizures and epilepsy syndro...
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Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Intellectual disability, the presence of multiple mixed seizure types, and characteristic EEG features including abnormal background activity and slow spike-waves that represents the triad to identify patients...
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Classification of Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. Classification is a prerequisite to selecting the appropriate treatment with antiseizure medication (ASM) and use of...
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Autonomic Seizures and Panayiotopoulos Syndrome
Autonomic seizures are not uncommon in childhood and may be mistaken for other conditions such as migraine or cyclical vomiting syndrome. An autonomic seizure is an epileptic seizure characterized by symptoms ...
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Psychogenic Nonepileptic Attacks
Video-EEG monitoring is the gold standard to obtain a definitive diagnosis in people with paroxysmal neurological events in need of clinical clarification. Approximately 20–30% of patients will have a diagnosi...
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Surgical Candidate (Skip)
Approximately two-thirds of patients with focal epilepsy will not achieve a sustained seizure-free outcome. When two appropriate antiseizure medications (ASMs) fail to produce sustained seizure freedom, used a...
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Genetic Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus
Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is an autosomal dominant seizure disorder inherited with incomplete penetrance. It is clinically identified by association with febrile seizures. Patients wi...
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First Seizure and Epilepsy
A first seizure that is provoked by an acute brain insult is unlikely to recur (3–10%), whereas a first unprovoked seizure has a recurrence risk of 21–45% over the next 2 years. Clinical risk factors that may ...
