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Article
Open AccessConsequences of a 2-Deoxyglucose Exposure on the ATP Content and the Cytosolic Glucose Metabolism of Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes
The glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) has frequently been used as a tool to study cellular glucose uptake and to inhibit glycolysis. Exposure of primary cultured astrocytes to 2DG caused a time- and concen...
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Article
Open AccessExogenous Substrates Prevent the Decline in the Cellular ATP Content of Primary Rat Astrocytes During Glucose Deprivation
Brain astrocytes are well known for their broad metabolic potential. After glucose deprivation, cultured primary astrocytes maintain a high cellular ATP content for many hours by mobilizing endogenous substrat...
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Article
Open AccessModulation of Pyruvate Export and Extracellular Pyruvate Concentration in Primary Astrocyte Cultures
Astrocyte-derived pyruvate is considered to have neuroprotective functions. In order to investigate the processes that are involved in astrocytic pyruvate release, we used primary rat astrocyte cultures as mod...
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Article
Open AccessModulation of Cellular Levels of Adenosine Phosphates and Creatine Phosphate in Cultured Primary Astrocytes
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy currency of all cells, while creatine phosphate (CrP) is considered as a buffer of high energy-bond phosphate that facilitates rapid regeneration of ATP from ade...
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Article
Open AccessModulation of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1-mediated Transport Processes by the Antiviral Drug Ritonavir in Cultured Primary Astrocytes
The Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (Mrp1) is an ATP-dependent efflux transporter and a major facilitator of drug resistance in mammalian cells during cancer and HIV therapy. In brain, Mrp1-mediated GSH export ...
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Article
Open AccessLocal Administrations of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Prefrontal Cortex and Caudate Putamen of Rats Do Not Compromise Working Memory and Motor Activity
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have come into focus for their use in medical applications although possible health risks for humans, especially in terms of brain functions, have not yet been fully clarified....
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Open AccessExperimental insights into electrocatalytic [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ mediated NADH regeneration
NADH plays a crucial role in many enzymatically catalysed reactions. Due to the high costs of NADH a regeneration mechanism of this cofactor can enlarge the applications of enzymatic reactions dramatically. Th...
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Open AccessG6PDi-1 is a Potent Inhibitor of G6PDH and of Pentose Phosphate pathway-dependent Metabolic Processes in Cultured Primary Astrocytes
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) catalyses the rate limiting first step of the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which has a crucial function in providing NADPH for antioxidative ...
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Article
Open AccessEndogenous Energy Stores Maintain a High ATP Concentration for Hours in Glucose-Depleted Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the central energy currency of all cells. Cultured primary rat astrocytes contain a specific cellular ATP content of 27.9 ± 4.7 nmol/mg. During incubation in a glucose- and amin...
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Article
Open Accessβ-lapachone-mediated WST1 Reduction as Indicator for the Cytosolic Redox Metabolism of Cultured Primary Astrocytes
Electron cycler-mediated extracellular reduction of the water-soluble tetrazolium salt 1 (WST1) is frequently used as tool for the determination of cell viability. We have adapted this method to monitor by det...
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Open AccessConsumption and Metabolism of Extracellular Pyruvate by Cultured Rat Brain Astrocytes
Brain astrocytes are considered as glycolytic cell type, but these cells also produce ATP via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Exposure of cultured primary astrocytes in a glucose-free medium to extrac...
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Open AccessInfluence of electrode potential, pH and NAD+ concentration on the electrochemical NADH regeneration
Electrochemical NAD+ reduction is a promising method to regenerate NADH for enzymatic reactions. Many different electrocatalysts have been tested in the search for high yields of the 1,4-isomer of NADH, the activ...
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Article
Open AccessEffects of Local Administration of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Prefrontal Cortex, Striatum, and Hippocampus of Rats
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are used for diverse medical approaches, although the potential health risks, for example adverse effects on brain functions, are not fully clarified. Several in vitro studies ...
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Article
The Menadione-Mediated WST1 Reduction by Cultured Astrocytes Depends on NQO1 Activity and Cytosolic Glucose Metabolism
The reduction of water-soluble tetrazolium salts (WSTs) is frequently used to determine the metabolic integrity and the viability of cultured cells. Recently, we have reported that the electron cycler menadion...
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Article
Open Accessβ-Lapachone Induces Acute Oxidative Stress in Rat Primary Astrocyte Cultures that is Terminated by the NQO1-Inhibitor Dicoumarol
β-lapachone (β-lap) is reduced in tumor cells by the enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to a labile hydroquinone which spontaneously reoxidises to β-lap, thereby generating reactive oxyge...
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Article
Open AccessIron-Do** of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Lowers Their Toxic Potential on C6 Glioma Cells
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are well known for their cytotoxicity which in part has been attributed to the release of copper ions from CuO-NPs. As iron-do** has been reported to reduce the susceptib...
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Article
Consequences of a Metabolic Glucose-Depletion on the Survival and the Metabolism of Cultured Rat Astrocytes
Brain astrocytes are considered to be highly glycolytic, but these cells also produce ATP via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. To investigate how a metabolic depletion of glucose will affect the metabo...
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Article
Uptake of Intact Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Causes Acute Toxicity in Cultured Glial Cells
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) dispersions are known for their high cell toxic potential but contaminating copper ions in such dispersions are a major hurdle in the investigation of specific nanoparticle...
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How to Study the Uptake and Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Cultured Brain Cells: The Dos and Don’t Forgets
Due to their exciting properties, engineered nanoparticles have obtained substantial attention over the last two decades. As many types of nanoparticles are already used for technical and biomedical applicatio...
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Exposure of Cultured Astrocytes to Menadione Triggers Rapid Radical Formation, Glutathione Oxidation and Mrp1-Mediated Export of Glutathione Disulfide
Menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) is a synthetic derivative of vitamin K that allows rapid redox cycling in cells and thereby generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). To test for the consequences of a tr...
