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Book
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Chapter
Counting Statistics
The net intensity of emitted characteristic X-radiation from an element in a matrix is related to the concentration of that element. Fig. 5.1 illustrates the theoretical correlation between the peak intensity R ...
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Chapter
Trace Analysis
Since X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is essentially a method which counts atoms, the question naturally arises as to what is the minimum number of atoms which are required in order to give a measurable signal...
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Chapter
Physics of X-Rays
The X-ray region is normally considered to be that part of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between 0.1-100 Å, being bounded by the γ-ray region to the short wavelength side and the vacuum ultra-violet regio...
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Chapter
Detection
The basic problem of X-ray detection is that of converting the X-rays into a form of energy which can be measured and integrated over a finite period of time. There are numerous ways of doing this and each met...
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Chapter
Quantitative Analysis
The preceding chapters have discussed the various random and systematic errors which can arise during an analysis either from the equipment or from the sample to be analysed and it is the purpose of this secti...
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Chapter
Dispersion
The basic function of the spectrometer is to provide a means of isolating a selected wavelength from the polychromatic beam of characteristic radiation excited in the sample, in order that individual intensity...
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Chapter
Pulse Height Selection
Pulse height selection affords a method of isolating a moderately narrow range of wavelengths from a spectrum by virtue of energy separation as opposed to wavelength separation as, for example, in crystal disp...
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Chapter
Matrix Effects
The basis of quantitative X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is to follow the identification of a certain element in a mixture of elements (the matrix) with a measurement of the intensity of one of its characteri...
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Chapter
Sample Preparation
Since X-ray spectrometry is essentially a comparative method of analysis, it is vital that all standards and unknowns be presented to the spectrometer in a reproducible and identical manner. Any method of samp...