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Article
Open AccessComplex roles of cAMP–PKA–CREB signaling in cancer
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the first discovered second messenger, which plays pivotal roles in cell signaling, and regulates many physiological and pathological processes. cAMP can regulate the t...
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Article
Open AccessInsulin-like growth factor receptor signaling in tumorigenesis and drug resistance: a challenge for cancer therapy
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play important roles in mammalian growth, development, aging, and diseases. Aberrant IGFs signaling may lead to malignant transformation and tumor progression, thus providing...
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Article
Open AccessTargeting mTOR for cancer therapy
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase regulating cell growth, survival, metabolism, and immunity. mTOR is usually assembled into several complexes such as mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2). In c...
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Article
Open AccessMechanisms for estrogen receptor expression in human cancer
Estrogen is a steroid hormone that has critical roles in reproductive development, bone homeostasis, cardiovascular remodeling and brain functions. However, estrogen also promotes mammary, ovarian and endometr...
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Article
Open AccessGamma synuclein is a novel Twist1 target that promotes TGF-β-induced cancer cell migration and invasion
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is critical for embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and tumor progression. TGF-β suppresses tumors at early stage, but promotes metastasis at later stage throu...
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Article
mTORC2 promotes type I insulin-like growth factor receptor and insulin receptor activation through the tyrosine kinase activity of mTOR
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a core component of raptor-mTOR (mTORC1) and rictor-mTOR (mTORC2) complexes that control diverse cellular processes. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 regulate several elements dow...
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Article
Aflatoxin B1 induces Src phosphorylation and stimulates lung cancer cell migration
AflatoxinB1 (AFB1) is well known as a potent carcinogen. Epidemiological studies have shown an association between AFB1 exposure and lung cancer in humans. AFB1 can induce the mutations of genes such as tumor ...
