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Article
Evolution of thyroid eye disease decompression—dysthyroid optic neuropathy
Orbital decompression surgery and medical therapy for thyroid eye disease (TED) have evolved over the past 150 years and afforded the opportunity to restore pre-disease appearance and visual function. This man...
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Chapter
Orbital Decompression: Graded Surgical Approach
Orbital decompression is an effective surgical intervention for the treatment of thyroid eye disease and other conditions causing expansion of orbital soft tissue volume. Indications for surgery include disfig...
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Article
Chemodenervation of extraocular muscles with botulinum toxin in thyroid eye disease
Thyroid eye disease (TED) presents a management dilemma for strabismologists due to the variability of its clinical course. Prisms may be prescribed to relieve diplopia in small deviations. Surgical interventi...