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Article
Open AccessSpinal 5-HT3 receptors mediate descending facilitation and contribute to behavioral hypersensitivity via a reciprocal neuron-glial signaling cascade
It has been recently recognized that the descending serotonin (5-HT) system from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in the brainstem and the 5-HT3 receptor subtype in the spinal dorsal horn are involved in en...
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Article
Changes in the rewarding effects induced by tramadol and its active metabolite M1 after sciatic nerve injury in mice
The present study was designed to investigate the rewarding effects induced by tramadol and its active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (M1) under a neuropathic pain-like state.
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Article
Comparative Pharmacological Profiles of Morphine and Oxycodone under a Neuropathic Pain-Like State in Mice: Evidence for Less Sensitivity to Morphine
The present study was undertaken to investigate pharmacological actions induced by morphine and oxycodone under a neuropathic pain-like state. In the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) binding study and G-protein activation...
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Article
Chronic Pain Induces Anxiety with Concomitant Changes in Opioidergic Function in the Amygdala
Clinically, it has been reported that chronic pain induces depression, anxiety, and reduced quality of life. The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in nociception, anxiety, and stress. The present st...