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Article
Open AccessUtilizing pyrolysis cleavage products from softwood kraft lignin as a substitute for phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resins for modifying different wood species
Phenol-formaldehyde resins can be used for wood modification through an impregnation process and subsequent curing within the wood cell wall. Phenol is gained from non-renewable resources, and its substitution...
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Article
Open AccessModification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin: substitution of phenol by pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin
The modification by impregnation of veneers for the production of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resins is a well-known method to improve the dimensional stability and fungal resistance. Because phenol is ob...
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Article
Open AccessBonding performance and surface characterization of cold-bonded acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber
Acetylation of wood with acetic anhydride reduces the wood–moisture interaction, improves the dimensional stability and resistance against biodegradation. However, the adhesive bonding is affected by the modif...
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Article
Open AccessCombined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants
Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris
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Chapter and Conference Paper
Improving the Fire Performance of Chemically Modified Pine (P. Sylvestris) Sapwood by an Integrated Modification Approach
Natural wood has been widely used for construction and building purposes. However, wood is susceptible to wood-destroying organisms moisture-induced dimensional changes and fire. Although chemical wood modific...
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Article
Open AccessEvaluation of wet tensile shear strength and surface properties of finger-jointed acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber
Experiments on finger-jointing acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) have been made. The specimens were examined on its wet tensile shear strength (TSS) using three adhesives, includ...
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Article
Open AccessBiological durability and wood–water interactions of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) modified wood
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between moisture dynamics of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) modified wood and its biological durability. Specifically, the research aimed to determine the che...
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Article
Open AccessThe durability of acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) against wood-destroying basidiomycetes
The overall aim of this study was to investigate the durability of acetylated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) against wood-destroying basidiomycetes. The secondary objective was to test w...
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Article
Open AccessSubstituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin
Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability...
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Chapter
Wood Modification
This chapter presents the technology of chemical and thermal wood modification. It describes fundamental principles as well as practical aspects of wood modification. In addition to thermal modifications, vari...
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Article
Open AccessRadial microfibril arrangements in wood cell walls
TEM and AFM imaging reveal radial orientations and whorl-like arrangements of cellulose microfibrils near the S1/S2 interface. These are explained by wrinkling during lamellar cell growth.
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Article
Evaluation of white rot decay in phenol-formaldehyde resin treated European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) LVL by drilling resistance measurements
Improving the properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) through wood modification expands its usage as building material, especially for outdoor applications. The outdoor performance of LVL products needs to...
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Article
Open AccessComparative studies on the durability and moisture performance of wood modified with cyclic N-methylol and N-methyl compounds
Glyoxal-based condensation resins like 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) have been used to modify wood and improve its resistance against decaying fungi. High biological durability of DMDHEU-tr...
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Article
Improving fire retardancy of unheated and heat-treated fir wood by nano-sepiolite
The effects of nano-sepiolite (NS) on fire properties of unheated and heat-treated fir wood were studied using a newly developed apparatus. Separate sets of specimens were prepared to be painted with plain acr...
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Article
Open AccessThree-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography
Detailed imaging of the three-dimensionally complex architecture of xylary plants is important for studying biological and mechanical functions of woody plants. Apart from common two-dimensional microscopy, X-...
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Article
Open AccessSorption behavior and hydroxyl accessibility of wood treated with different cyclic N-methylol compounds
Cyclic N-methylol compounds such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) have been used to modify wood and prevent negative effects related to the uptake of moisture. However, the changes in the sorp...
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Article
Open AccessBeech wood modification based on in situ esterification with sorbitol and citric acid
In this study, modification of European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) through in situ esterification of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) was investigated at two curing temperatures, 140 and 160 °C. In order to det...
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Article
Resistance against subterranean termite of beech wood impregnated with different derivatives of glycerol or polyglycerol and maleic anhydride followed by thermal modification: a field test study
Termite resistance of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) modified with a combination of chemical and thermal methods was investigated in field tests. Modification was performed by impregnating different aqueous sol...
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Chapter and Conference Paper
Fire Retardant Treatment of Wood – State of the Art and Future Perspectives
Outdoor and indoor exposed wooden structures are prone to the hazard of fire. Thisr is often inevitable and hardly avoidable by factors such as the design. However, wood is widely used as a structural element ...
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Article
Non-biocide antifungal and anti-termite wood preservation treatments based on combinations of thermal modification with different chemical additives
The synergic effect between a mild chemical and thermal modification of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) has been studied. A low concentration of additives based on vinylic-polyglycerol, vinylic-glycerol, and maleic ...
