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H. J. ten Donkelaar
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Article
Development and developmental disorders of the human cerebellum
The human cerebellum develops over a long time, extending from the early embryonic period until the first postnatal years. This protracted development makes the cerebellum vulnerable to a broad spectrum of dev...
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Book
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Chapter
Introduction
During the evolution of vertebrates, various locomotor patterns such as swimming, walking, running, jum**, flying and burrowing were developed (ten Donkelaar 1999). Each of these diverse vertebrate locomotor...
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Chapter
Summary
Throughout tetrapods a basic pattern in the organization of descending supraspinal pathways is present. The most notable difference between nonmammalian tetrapods and mammals is the apparent absence of somatom...
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Chapter
Descending Pathways to the Spinal Cord in Tetrapods: A Brief Outline
Available experimental data on the cells of origin, funicular trajectory and site of termination of descending supraspinal pathways in amphibians (ten Donkelaar et al. 1981; ten Donkelaar 1982; Tóth et al. 198...
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Chapter
Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Opossums
The external morphology of pouch young of the North American opossum was described by McCrady (1938) and Ulinski (1971). Prenatal opossums are shown in Fig. 31. Brain development of the North American opossum ...
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Chapter
Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Man
In the spinal cord of pyridine silver stained human embryos of 5–8 weeks of estimated menstrual age, i.e., about 3–6 postovulatory weeks, Windle and Fitzgerald (1937) noted that motoneurons are the first neuro...
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Concluding Remarks
In this final section some major trends in the ontogenesis of descending supraspinal pathways in tetrapods will be summarized.
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Materials and Techniques
The core of the present survey is formed by the experimental data obtained in Xenopus laevis. The description of the techniques used is therefore largely restricted to the procedures used for this anuran. The ...
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Chapter
Staging Systems
Differences between the brains of species belonging to different vertebrate classes are evident from the onset of neurulation (Richardson et al. 1997). Nevertheless, embryos of different vertebrate classes sha...
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Chapter
Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Birds
The development of the avian spinal cord is not very advanced at the time the earliest descending projections have reached the cord. In the chicken cervical cord, spinal motoneurons are first born at about 28 ...
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Chapter
Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Amphibians
Prior to a discussion of the development of descending motor pathways in amphibians, some aspects of the development of the CNS of urodeles and anurans will be discussed. Coghill’s and Herrick’s studies on the...
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Chapter
Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Placental Animals
Windle’s studies on the development of neurofibrils in axonal tracts in mammals showed that the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis (flm) is one of the earliest differentiating fiber tracts (Windle 1932a,b, 193...
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Article
Severe, non X-linked congenital microcephaly with absence of the pyramidal tracts in two siblings
In two siblings (a female and a male neonate), severe microcephaly, bilateral absence of the pyramids, severe hypoplasia of the cerebral peduncles, and dysplasia of the inferior olives was found together with...
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Article
Early development of descending supraspinal pathways: a tracing study in fixed and isolated rat embryos
Early brainstem-spinal cord projections were studied in the rat using the carbocyanine dye DiI in fixed embryos and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in an isolated embryonic brain-spinal cord preparation. A s...
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Book
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Chapter
Anurans
When they first appear in the fossil record during the Jurassic, frogs appear essentially modern in their skeletal anatomy (Romer and Parsons 1977; Carroll 1988). Frogs, caecilians and salamanders share a numb...
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Chapter
Reptiles
The modern or living reptiles comprise four different orders: the Chelonia (turtles), the Rhynchocephalia (the tuatara, Sphenodon, from New Zealand), the Squamata (amphisbaenians, lizards and snakes) and the Croc...
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Chapter
Urodeles
The modern Amphibia are quite different from their remote Paleozoic ancestors. The modern forms are generally considered to be a single monophyletic group (Szarski 1962; Parsons and Williams 1963; Thomson 1967; S...
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Chapter
Mammals
“Intelligent activity may reasonably be regarded as the key note of mammalian progress” (Romer 1962). This progress became possible with the acquisition of a neocortex, with its great analytic, associative and...
