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Open AccessEstimating epidemiological parameters using diagnostic testing data from low pathogenicity avian influenza infected turkey houses
Limiting spread of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) during an outbreak is critical to reduce the negative impact on poultry producers and local economies. Mathematical models of disease transmission ca...
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Article
Open AccessThe pathogenesis of a North American H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 group A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata)
Aquatic waterfowl, particularly those in the order Anseriformes and Charadriiformes, are the ecological reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Dabbling ducks play a recognized role in the maintenance and tr...
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Protocol
Avian Influenza Virus RNA Extraction
The efficient extraction and purification of viral RNA is critical for downstream molecular applications such as the sensitive and specific detection of virus in clinical samples, virus gene cloning and expres...
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Protocol
Avian Influenza Virus Detection and Quantitation by Real-Time RT-PCR
Real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) has been used for avian influenza virus (AIV) detection since the early 2000s. This method has been applied to surveillance, outbreaks and research. Some of the advantages of rRT-PCR...
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Protocol
A Brief Introduction to Avian Influenza Virus
The earliest recorded cases of what was likely high-pathogenicity AIV in poultry were reported in Italy in the 1870s. Avian influenza infection has been recognized in domestic poultry through the modern era of...
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Protocol
Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay
The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay for influenza A virus has been used since the 1940s. The assay may be utilized to detect or quantify antibodies to influenza A viruses and can be used to characterize...
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Protocol
Avian Influenza Virus Isolation, Propagation, and Titration in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
Avian influenza virus and some mammalian influenza A viruses can be isolated, propagated, and titrated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). Most sample types can be accommodated in ECE culture with appropriate ...
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Protocol
Detection of Influenza A Antibodies in Avian Samples by ELISA
ELISA assays are a fast and relatively inexpensive way to screen sera for antibodies to avian influenza virus. Commercial ELISA kits are available, and although they are more expensive than in-house tests, the...
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Article
Open AccessPathobiology and innate immune responses of gallinaceous poultry to clade 2.3.4.4A H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection
In the 2014–2015 Eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4A H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak in the U.S., backyard flocks with minor gallinaceous poultry and large commercial poultry (chickens and tur...
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Article
Open AccessH5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses from the US 2014-2015 outbreak have an unusually long pre-clinical period in turkeys
From December 2014 through June 2015, the US experienced the most costly highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak to date. Most cases in commercial poultry were caused by an H5N2 strain which was a re...
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Article
Open AccessAge is not a determinant factor in susceptibility of broilers to H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus
In 2014–2015, the US experienced an unprecedented outbreak of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. The H5N2 HPAI virus outbreak in the Midwest in 2015 affected commercial turkey and...
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Article
Open AccessLimited Antigenic Diversity in Contemporary H7 Avian-Origin Influenza A Viruses from North America
Subtype H7 avian–origin influenza A viruses (AIVs) have caused at least 500 confirmed human infections since 2003 and culling of >75 million birds in recent years. Here we antigenically and genetically charact...
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Article
Open AccessPrevious infection with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus reduces highly pathogenic avian influenza virus replication, disease, and mortality in chickens
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two of the most important viruses affecting poultry worldwide and produce co-infections especially in areas of the world wh...
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Article
Success Factors for Avian Influenza Vaccine Use in Poultry and Potential Impact at the Wild Bird–Agricultural Interface
Thirty-two epizootics of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) have been reported in poultry and other birds since 1959. The ongoing H5N1 HPAI epizootic that began in 1996 has also spilled over to infect w...
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Article
Open AccessVirus interference between H7N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus in experimental co-infections in chickens and turkeys
Low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (l NDV) are commonly reported causes of respiratory disease in poultry worldwide with similar clinical and pathobiological pr...
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Book
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Protocol
A Brief Introduction to Avian Influenza Virus
Avian influenza virus (AIV) causes a disease of high economic importance for poultry production worldwide. The earliest recorded cases of probable high-pathogenicity AIV in poultry were reported in Italy in th...
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Protocol
Influenza Subtype Identification with Molecular Methods
Gene sequencing and RT-PCR based methods are the molecular alternative to serology for the identification of influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigenic subtypes. Compared to serology both RT-PCR...
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Protocol
Avian Influenza Virus Detection and Quantitation by Real-Time RT-PCR
Real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) has been used for avian influenza virus (AIV) detection since the early 2000s for routine surveillance, outbreak assessment and for research. Some of the advantages of rRT-PCR are: h...
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Protocol
Avian Influenza Virus Isolation, Propagation, and Titration in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
Avian influenza virus and some mammalian influenza A viruses are usually isolated, propagated, and titrated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). Most any sample type can be accommodated for culture with appropri...
