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  1. Article

    Open Access

    Attosecond field emission

    Field emission of electrons underlies great advances in science and technology, ranging from signal processing at ever higher frequencies1 to imaging of the atomic-scale structure of matter2 with picometre resolu...

    H. Y. Kim, M. Garg, S. Mandal, L. Seiffert, T. Fennel, E. Goulielmakis in Nature (2023)

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  2. No Access

    Article

    Laser picoscopy of valence electrons in solids

    Valence electrons contribute a small fraction of the total electron density of materials, but they determine their essential chemical, electronic and optical properties. Strong laser fields can probe electrons...

    H. Lakhotia, H. Y. Kim, M. Zhan, S. Hu, S. Meng, E. Goulielmakis in Nature (2020)

  3. No Access

    Article

    Ultimate waveform reproducibility of extreme-ultraviolet pulses by high-harmonic generation in quartz

    Optical waveforms of light reproducible with subcycle precision underlie applications of lasers in ultrafast spectroscopies, quantum control of matter and light-based signal processing. Nonlinear upconversion ...

    M. Garg, H. Y. Kim, E. Goulielmakis in Nature Photonics (2018)

  4. No Access

    Article

    Multi-petahertz electronic metrology

    Investigations using single-cycle intense optical fields to drive electron motion in bulk silicon dioxide show that the light-induced electric currents extend in frequency up to about 8 petahertz.

    M. Garg, M. Zhan, T. T. Luu, H. Lakhotia, T. Klostermann, A. Guggenmos… in Nature (2016)

  5. No Access

    Article

    Optical attosecond pulses and tracking the nonlinear response of bound electrons

    Intense light pulses in the visible and adjacent spectral ranges with their energy mostly confined to a half wave cycle—optical attosecond pulses—are synthesized and used to measure the time it takes electrons...

    M. Th. Hassan, T. T. Luu, A. Moulet, O. Raskazovskaya, P. Zhokhov, M. Garg… in Nature (2016)

  6. No Access

    Article

    Extreme ultraviolet high-harmonic spectroscopy of solids

    Intense light interacting with a thin film of silicon dioxide is used to generate broadband extreme ultraviolet radiation; the spectra reveal detailed information on the energy dispersion of the conduction ban...

    T. T. Luu, M. Garg, S. Yu. Kruchinin, A. Moulet, M. Th. Hassan, E. Goulielmakis in Nature (2015)

  7. No Access

    Chapter and Conference Paper

    Sub-100-as soft x-ray pulses

    We demonstrate the generation of powerful sub-100-as soft x-ray pulses by means of 1.5-cycle waveform-controlled laser fields. Our new tool opens the door for exploring electronic processes on a time scale app...

    E. Goulielmakis, M. Schultze, M. Hofstetter, M. Uiberacker… in Ultrafast Phenomena XVI (2009)

  8. Article

    Open Access

    The accurate FROG characterization of attosecond pulses from streaking measurements

    We describe a new attosecond FROG algorithm optimized for the characterization of sub-100 as pulses from streaked electron spectra. We make improvements upon the treatment of the attosecond streaking spectrogr...

    J. Gagnon, E. Goulielmakis, V.S. Yakovlev in Applied Physics B (2008)

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  9. No Access

    Chapter and Conference Paper

    Toward a terawatt few-optical-cycle driver laser for attosecond spectroscopy

    We discuss routes towards develo** an ultra-high peak power phase-stable source of few-cycle laser pulses suitable for driving a wide range of strong-field applications. Experiments with a phase-stable 0.1-T...

    N. Ishii, R. Butkus, A. Baltuška, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker… in Ultrafast Phenomena XIV (2005)

  10. No Access

    Article

    Long-term stabilization of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses

    The temporal variation of the electromagnetic field of a few-cycle laser pulse depends on whether the maximum of the pulse amplitude coincides with that of the wave cycle or not, i.e., it depends on the phase ...

    M.G. Schätzel, F. Lindner, G.G. Paulus, H. Walther, E. Goulielmakis… in Applied Physics B (2004)

  11. No Access

    Article

    Atomic transient recorder

    In Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, the electron takes about 150 attoseconds (1 as = 10-18 s) to orbit around the proton, defining the characteristic timescale for dynamics in the electronic shell of atoms. Rec...

    R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev… in Nature (2004)

  12. No Access

    Chapter

    Measurement of the Absolute Phase of few-Cycle Laser Pulses

    Recent developments of laser technology led to the generation of laser pulses with a duration (measured at full-width half maximum) of less than 5fs [1]. At a typical wavelength of 750nm, an optical cycle has ...

    F. Lindner, G. G. Paulus, H. Walther, A. Baltuška, E. Goulielmakis… in Ultrafast Optics IV (2004)

  13. No Access

    Chapter

    Stabilization and Characterization of the Carrier-Envelope Phase in Intense Few-Cycle Pulses

    We demonstrate a phase-stabilized 5-fs 0.1-TW amplified laser system that delivers pulses with exactly reproducible electric fields. Full temporal characterization of the resultant intense few-cycle light wave...

    A. Baltuška, M. Uiberacker, E. Goulielmakis, Th. Udem, M. Hentschel… in Ultrafast Optics IV (2004)

  14. No Access

    Chapter

    Reproducible Generation and Measurement of Isolated Sub-fs XUV Pulses with Phase-Controlled Few-Cycle Light

    We report on the use of intense phase-controlled few-cycle(5-fs @ 750 nm)pulses for the reproducible generation of high-order-harmonic-like XUV radiation near 100 eV and for measuring the temporal structure of...

    R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, A. Baltuska, M. Uiberacker… in Ultrafast Optics IV (2004)

  15. No Access

    Article

    Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields

    The amplitude and frequency of laser light can be routinely measured and controlled on a femtosecond (10-15 s) timescale1. However, in pulses comprising just a few wave cycles, the amplitude envelope and carrier ...

    A. Baltuška, Th. Udem, M. Uiberacker, M. Hentschel, E. Goulielmakis, Ch. Gohle… in Nature (2003)

  16. No Access

    Article

    A dispersionless Michelson interferometer for the characterization of attosecond pulses

    A novel application of a free-standing transmission grating as a beam splitter in a Michelson-type interferometer is described. The arrangement can operate in the XUV and soft X-ray spectral region and, theref...

    E. Goulielmakis, G. Nersisyan, N.A. Papadogiannis, D. Charalambidis… in Applied Physics B (2002)

  17. No Access

    Article

    Kilohertz extreme-ultraviolet light source based on femtosecond high-order harmonic generation from noble gases

    A compact, versatile table-top kilohertz source of coherent extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the wavelength region 18–100 nm, based on high-order harmonic generation from noble gases induced by a 40-femt...

    N.A. Papadogiannis, C. Kalpouzos, E. Goulielmakis, G. Nersisyan… in Applied Physics B (2001)