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Book
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Chapter
Gray Coding
Gray coding is a variation on the way that integers are mapped on bit strings that ensures that consecutive integers always have Hamming distance one. A three bit Gray coding table is given in Table A.l, and t...
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Book
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Chapter
Evolution Strategies
In this chapter we introduce evolution strategies (ES), another member of the evolutionary algorithm family. We also use these algorithms to illustrate a very useful feature in evolutionary computing: self-adapta...
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Chapter
Genetic Programming
In this chapter we present genetic programming, the youngest member of the evolutionary algorithm family. Besides the particular representation (using trees as chromosomes), it differs from other EA strands in...
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Chapter
Summary
In this book we have presented evolutionary computing as one problem-solving paradigm and positioned four historical types of EAs as “dialects”. These dialects have emerged independently to some extent (except GP...
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Chapter
Test Functions
We cannot hope here to give a comprehensive set of test functions, and by the arguments given in Sect. 14.4.1, it would not be particularly appropriate. Rather we will give a few instances of test problems that w...
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Chapter
Evolutionary Programming
In this chapter we present evolutionary programming (EP), another historical member of the EC family. Other EC streams have an algorithm variant that can be identified as being the “standard”, or typical, vers...
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Chapter
Learning Classifier Systems
This chapter introduces an evolutionary approach to machine learning tasks working with rule sets, rather than parse trees, to represent knowledge. In learning classifier systems (LCS) the evolutionary algorit...
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Chapter
What is an Evolutionary Algorithm?
The most important aim of this chapter is to describe what an evolutionary algorithm is. This description is deliberately based on a unifying view presenting a general scheme that forms the common basis of all...
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Chapter
Parameter Control in Evolutionary Algorithms
The issue of setting the values of various parameters of an evolutionary algorithm is crucial for good performance. In this chapter we discuss how to do this, beginning with the issue of whether these values a...
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Chapter
Theory
In this chapter we present a brief overview of some of the approaches taken to analysing and modelling the behaviour of Evolutionary Algorithms. The “Holy Grail” of these efforts is the formulation of predicti...
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Chapter
Special Forms of Evolution
In this chapter we discuss special forms of evolution that in some sense deviate from the standard evolutionary algorithms. In particular, we present coevolution and interactive evolution that both work under ...
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Chapter
Introduction
Evolutionary computing is a research area within computer science. As the name suggests, it is a special flavour of computing, which draws inspiration from the process of natural evolution- That some computer ...
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Chapter
Genetic Algorithms
In this chapter we describe the most widely known type of evolutionary algorithm: the genetic algorithm. After presenting a simple example to introduce the basic concepts, we begin with what is usually the mos...
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Chapter
Multimodal Problems and Spatial Distribution
So far in our discussion of evolutionary algorithms we have considered the entire population to act as a common genepool, with fitness as the primary feature affecting the likelihood of an individual taking pa...
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Chapter
Hybridisation with Other Techniques: Memetic Algorithms
In the preceding chapters we described the main varieties of evolutionary algorithms and described various examples of how they might be suitably implemented for different applications. In this chapter we turn...
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Chapter
Constraint Handling
In this chapter we consider the issue of constraint handling by evolutionary algorithms. This issue has great practical relevance because many practical problems are constrained. It is also a theoretically cha...
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Chapter
Working with Evolutionary Algorithms
The main objective of this chapter is to provide practical guidelines for working with EAs. Working with EAs often means comparing different versions experimentally. Guidelines to perform experimental comparis...