-
Article
Open Access5F-Cumyl-PINACA in ‘e-liquids’ for electronic cigarettes: comprehensive characterization of a new type of synthetic cannabinoid in a trendy product including investigations on the in vitro and in vivo phase I metabolism of 5F-Cumyl-PINACA and its non-fluorinated analog Cumyl-PINACA
In recent years e-liquids used in electronic cigarettes have become an attractive alternative to smoking tobacco. A new trend is the use of e-liquids containing synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) instead of smoking ...
-
Chapter
Designer Benzodiazepines: Another Class of New Psychoactive Substances
Benzodiazepines have been introduced as medical drugs in the 1960s. They replaced the more toxic barbiturates, which were commonly used for treatment of anxiety or sleep disorders at the time. However, benzodi...
-
Article
Metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids in hair—proof of consumption or false friends for interpretation?
The detection of drug metabolites in hair is widely accepted as a proof for systemic uptake of the drug, unless the metabolites can be formed as artefacts. However, regarding synthetic cannabinoids, not much i...
-
Article
Open AccessFinding cannabinoids in hair does not prove cannabis consumption
Hair analysis for cannabinoids is extensively applied in workplace drug testing and in child protection cases, although valid data on incorporation of the main analytical targets, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)...
-
Article
Characterization of the four designer benzodiazepines clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, flubromazolam, and meclonazepam, and identification of their in vitro metabolites
In 2012, the first designer benzodiazepines were offered in Internet shops as an alternative to prescription-only benzodiazepines. Soon after these compounds were scheduled in different countries, new substanc...
-
Article
Hair analysis of synthetic cannabinoids: does the handling of herbal mixtures affect the analyst’s hair concentration?
When narcotics police officers or other persons handling drug materials at work are suspected of consuming drugs, hair analysis may be useful to prove or refute such suspicion. However, it is known for many dr...
-
Article
Hair analysis for JWH-018, JWH-122, and JWH-210 after passive in vivo exposure to synthetic cannabinoid smoke
Hair analysis is often used to confirm abstinence from drug use. However, interpretation of hair analysis results can be challenging, particularly with regard to smoked substances like synthetic cannabinoids, ...
-
Article
Inhomogeneities in herbal mixtures: a serious risk for consumers
The most frequent form of consumption of cannabinoid receptor agonists (CRAs), often referred to as synthetic cannabinoids, is smoking of herbal mixtures often obtained via the Internet. However, because the p...
-
Article
Characterization of the designer benzodiazepine pyrazolam and its detectability in human serum and urine
In 2012, online shops selling so-called research chemicals started offering pyrazolam, a new benzodiazepine that differs from phenazepam and etizolam, which have also recently appeared on the “gray market”, in...
-
Article
A fast and inexpensive procedure for the isolation of synthetic cannabinoids from ‘Spice’ products using a flash chromatography system
In the age of the Internet, the variety of drugs offered online is constantly increasing, and new drugs emerge every month. One group of drugs showing such an enormous increase is that of synthetic cannabinoid...
-
Article
LC/ESI-MS/MS method for quantification of 28 synthetic cannabinoids in neat oral fluid and its application to preliminary studies on their detection windows
Serum and urine samples are commonly used for the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in biofluids; however, their utilization as analytical matrices for drug abstinence control features some substantial drawba...
