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    Chapter

    The Study of the Human Spine and Its Evolution: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

    The vertebral spine is a key element of the vertebrate anatomy and it fulfills two main roles. First, it protects the spinal cord and associated blood vessels. Second, it is a structural column that influences...

    Ella Been, Asier Gómez-Olivencia, Patricia Ann Kramer in Spinal Evolution (2019)

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    Chapter

    How to Build a 3D Model of a Fossil Hominin Vertebral Spine Based on Osseous Material

    Reconstruction of the spinal curvatures of extinct hominins is essential in order to understand their posture and function. Despite its importance, researchers face many difficulties in reconstructing spinal p...

    Ella Been, Tatiana Waintraub, Asier Gómez-Olivencia, Leonid Kalichman… in Spinal Evolution (2019)

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    Chapter

    The Spine of Late Homo

    In this chapter, we summarize the vertebral fossil record for late Homo, including H. antecessor, Middle Pleistocene Homo (except H. naledi), H. neanderthalensis, and fossil H. sapiens. Homo antecessor is represe...

    Asier Gómez-Olivencia, Ella Been in Spinal Evolution (2019)

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    Chapter

    Numbers of Vertebrae in Hominoid Evolution

    Vertebral formulae, the combination of regional numbers of vertebrae making up the bony spine, vary across vertebrates and within hominoid primates. Reconstructing the ancestral vertebral formulae throughout h...

    Scott A. Williams, Asier Gómez-Olivencia, David R. Pilbeam in Spinal Evolution (2019)