A Missing Link in Cybernetics
Logic and Continuity
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Chapter
Fractal Intelligence
In the Past chapter, it was suggested that there is a connection between the detection of cyclic activity at the conscious level, perhaps arising from paradox or dilemma, and the detection of incipient instabi...
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Chapter
Self-Reference
The nature of consciousness is difficult or impossible to explain, though everybody is sure he or she has it. Its study is a current “hot topic” that is approached from various directions. In earlier work, spe...
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Conclusions
What has been presented is an idiosyncratic view of cybernetics and artificial intelligence. It stems from very early interest in modelling nervous activity, when most modelling attempts assumed the all-or-not...
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Cybernetics: Origins and Aims
The subject of cybernetics was announced by that name with the publication of Norbert Wiener’s book (Wiener 1948). Of course, there were earlier stirrings including the influential paper of McCulloch and Pitts...
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Chapter
Continuous versus Discrete
The environment, as people perceive it, is essentially continuous, and we are conscious of moving and interacting in the three dimensions of space, along with that of time. The same is true of many important d...
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Backpropagation
Following the initiative of McCulloch and Pitts (1943), there has been much speculation about the achievement of artificial intelligence using networks of model neurons. The advent of the “perceptron” principl...
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Chapter
Where to Start?
It is certainly not obvious where to start in a description or study of “understanding” or “intelligence”. The terms are roughly synonymous, the main difference being that the second carries rather more sugges...
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Chapter
Adaptation, Self-Organisation, Learning
Adaptation in continuous environments has received much attention under the heading of control engineering, with one class of solution known as the Kalman filter (Sorensen 1985). Other schemes already mentione...
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Chapter and Conference Paper
The response-time constraint in neural evolution
The need to respond quickly has a bearing on the kinds of computing mechanism that can be considered. Even where speed is not vital to the application, it is likely that the kind of mechanism discussed here wi...
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The Goore Game and Daisyworld — Substrates for Self-Organization
Much thinking under the heading of Cybernetics has been concerned with self-organization, a rather ill-defined but nevertheless important idea. A self-organizing system modifies itself during interaction with ...
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Chapter
Succinct Representation in Neural Nets and General Systems
Most large systems can be described in terms which imply that their viability is due to their ability to adapt to environmental changes. It is probably impossible to define adaptation in a way which is both rigor...
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Chapter
Learning in a Nondigital Environment
Machines which simulate animal learning have been described by Uttley [13, 14] with his conditional probability computer, Walter [16] with his conditioned reflex analogue, and many others including Selfridge [...
