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An Inaugural Lecture on Natural Philosophy

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  1. Chapter

    Introduction

    This chapter introduces the theme of the book (i.e., the challenge of chance) and includes brief surveys of the individual chapters.

    Klaas Landsman, Ellen van Wolde, Noortje ter Berg in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  2. Chapter

    When Chance Strikes: Random Mutational Events as a Cause of Birth Defects and Cancer

    Faithful and stable inheritance of DNA is coupled with occasional random errors of replication that lead to a change in the DNA code known as mutation. Mutations can be considered as “good” because they are th...

    Han G. Brunner in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  3. Chapter

    Chance, Variation and the Nature of Causality in Ecological Communities

    Chance is pervasive in nature. Erratic events such as storms and fires can cause major damage to an ecosystem. Rare successful long distance dispersal events like a viable seed landing in just the right habita...

    Hans de Kroon, Eelke Jongejans in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  4. Chapter

    Accidental Harm Under (Roman) Civil Law

    A leading idea under Roman private law and nearly all European legal systems is that an owner has to bear the risk of an accidental loss (casus). An accident is a circumstance for which a third party cannot be bl...

    Corjo Jansen in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  5. Chapter

    The Mathematical Foundations of Randomness

    We give a nontechnical account of the mathematical theory of randomness. The theory of randomness is founded on computability theory, and it is nowadays often referred to as algorithmic randomness. It comes in...

    Sebastiaan A. Terwijn in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  6. Chapter

    Randomness and the Games of Science

    Recently it has become clear that too many findings reported in the scientific literature are irreproducible. We study the causes of this phenomenon from a statistical perspective. Although a certain amount of...

    Jelle J. Goeman in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  7. Chapter

    Chance in the Hebrew Bible: Views in Job and Genesis 1

    There are a variety of views on ‘chance’ to be found in the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament. In this chapter we will discuss the Book of Job and the opening chapter in the Book of Genesis, i.e. Genesis 1, both ...

    Ellen van Wolde in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  8. Chapter

    The Experience of Coincidence: An Integrated Psychological and Neurocognitive Perspective

    In this chapter, we focus on psychological and brain perspectives on the experience of coincidence. We first introduce the topic of the experience of coincidence in general. In the second section, we outline s...

    Michiel van Elk, Karl Friston, Harold Bekkering in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  9. Chapter

    The Size of History: Coincidence, Counterfactuality and Questions of Scale in History

    Historians try to interpret the past by analysing patterns in human behaviour in earlier periods of time. In some ways, that excludes ‘coincidence’ as a mode of interpretation. Most historians view coincidence...

    Olivier Hekster in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  10. Chapter

    Taming Chaos. Chance and Variability in the Language Sciences

    This paper focuses on chance and variability in language, and how the language sciences have dealt with that variability. After describing four types of variability found: (a) Inter-species variability, (b) In...

    Roeland van Hout, Pieter Muysken in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  11. Chapter

    Conceptual and Historical Reflections on Chance (and Related Concepts)

    In everyday language, the use of such words as “chance,” “coincidence,” “luck,” “fortune” or “randomness” strongly overlap. In fact, in some languages, such as German, they coincide in one word (Zufall). In other...

    Christoph H. Lüthy, Carla Rita Palmerino in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  12. Chapter

    Randomness and the Madness of Crowds

    Human interaction often appears to be random and at times even chaotic. We use game theory, the mathematical study of interactive decision making, to explain the role of rationality and randomness in strategic...

    Utz Weitzel, Stephanie Rosenkranz in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  13. Chapter

    The Fine-Tuning Argument: Exploring the Improbability of Our Existence

    Our laws of nature and our cosmos appear to be delicately fine-tuned for life to emerge, in a way that seems hard to attribute to chance. In view of this, some have taken the opportunity to revive the scholast...

    Klaas Landsman in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  14. Chapter

    Happiness and Invulnerability from Chance: Western and Eastern Perspectives

    Since the beginning of Western philosophy, thinkers have discussed how one might lead a good, i.e. a happy, life and what role luck plays in flourishing. According to one dominant Ancient Greek tradition, life...

    Johannes M. M. H. Thijssen, David R. Loy in The Challenge of Chance (2016)

  15. Chapter

    Epistemic Justification

    What is the nature of the justifier and of the justified, and how are they related? The answers to these questions depend on whether one embraces internalism or externalism. As far as the formal side of the ju...

    David Atkinson, Jeanne Peijnenburg in Fading Foundations (2017)

  16. Chapter

    Fading Foundations and the Emergence of Justification

    A probabilistic regress, if benign, is characterized by the feature of fading foundations: the effect of the foundational term in a finite chain diminishes as the chain becomes longer, and completely dies away...

    David Atkinson, Jeanne Peijnenburg in Fading Foundations (2017)

  17. Chapter

    Conceptual Objections

    There are two conceptual objections to the idea of justification by an infinite regress. First, there is no ground from which the justification can originate. Second, if a regress could justify a proposition, ...

    David Atkinson, Jeanne Peijnenburg in Fading Foundations (2017)

  18. Chapter

    Loops and Networks

    The analysis so far concerned only one-dimensional epistemic chains. In this chapter two extensions are investigated. The first treats loops rather than chains. We show that generally, i.e. in what we have cal...

    David Atkinson, Jeanne Peijnenburg in Fading Foundations (2017)

  19. Chapter

    The Regress Problem

    The attempt to justify our beliefs leads to the regress problem. We briefly recount the problem’s history and recall the two traditional solutions, foundationalism and coherentism, before turning to infinitism...

    David Atkinson, Jeanne Peijnenburg in Fading Foundations (2017)

  20. Chapter

    The Probabilistic Regress

    During more than twenty years Clarence Irving Lewis and Hans Reichenbach pursued an unresolved debate that is relevant to the question of whether infinite epistemic chains make sense. Lewis, the nay-sayer, hel...

    David Atkinson, Jeanne Peijnenburg in Fading Foundations (2017)

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