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Life Sciences
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Chapter
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Chapter
Microtubule Poisons
A small number of chemicals, principally colchicine, colchicine derivatives and the Vinca (Catharanthus) alkaloids, are capable of binding specifically to tubulin, preventing its assembly into MT. It is now indis...
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Chapter
Cell Movement
Intimate relations exist between cellular locomotion, intracellular displacements of various organelles, and MT. The role of MT in the movements of cilia is evident, and their association with the displacement...
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Chapter
Secretion, Exo- and Endocytosis
The first mention of the word “microtubules” was made by Slautterback [103] in a description of secretory cells. However, it was only seven years later that Lacy et al. [53] suggested that MT play a role in the s...
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The Role of MT in Mitosis
The study of MT has been linked from the start with that of mitosis, even before the identification of spindle “fibers” as MT and the role of MT in accessory structures such as the centrioles became evident. T...
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Outlook
At the end of this survey of MT research, which is of necessity incomplete—more than one hundred interesting papers are published each year and only a fraction of the literature has been mentioned—,the task of...
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Chapter
Acknowledgments
The task of preparing, in a relatively short time, the manuscript and the figures of a book covering so many fields of biology would have been impossible without the facilities available at the University of B...
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Structure and Chemistry of Microtubules
MT may be described as regular helical assemblies of two slightly elongated protein subunits, tubulins α and ², each of about 55,000 daltons molecular weight. The shape and properties of MT proceed from the li...
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Microtubule Structures: Centrioles, Basal Bodies, Cilia, Axonemes
Several cell organelles assembled from MT and other proteins perform a great role in cell biology and display a high degree of complexity. The centrioles, basal bodies, cilia and flagella, have a ninefold symm...
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Cell Shape
It should be clear now that MT have two contradictory properties: they are rigid structures, and act as supporting skeletons of many cellular differentiated organelles, such as axopodia, cilia, cytopharyngeal ...
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Neurotubules: Neuroplasmic Transport, Neurosecretion, Sensory Cells
The MT of neurons, or “neurotubules ”, were observed in 1956 by Palay [121] and are a constituent of all nerve cells, in invertebrates and vertebrates. As described in Chapter 2, brain has become one of the fa...
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Pathology and Medicine
Many threads link the study of MT to medicine and pathology. After all, the most specific of MT poisons, colchicine, has been used for centuries in the treatment of gout, and the discovery by Pernice in 1889 [...
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Introduction
It is indispensable to define the purpose and limitations of writing a monograph on a subject as vast as that of micro tubule research. The name “microtubule” was coined by Slautterback some 14 years ago [23],...
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Historical Background
Although a correct understanding of the structure and function of MT cannot be reached until several chapters later, it may be useful for the reader to start with the following definition: “Microtubules are prote...
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General Physiology of Tubulins and Microtubules
At this point, we have reached a good knowledge of the chemical make-up, the structure, and the modes of assembly of MT. Before analyzing the role of tubulin in the formation of far more complex organelles, li...
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Chapter and Conference Paper
The Secretion of Growth Regulatory Molecules by PC13 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells
PC13 embryonal carcinoma (EC) is a malignant teratocarcinoma cell line derived from the early postimplantation mouse embryo. PC13 EC cells may be induced, by treatment with retinoic acid (RA), to undergo diffe...
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Chapter and Conference Paper
Modulation of Specific Functions in Adult and Fetal Hepatocytes Maintained in a Co-Cultured System
When co-cultured with another epithelial cell type derived from rat liver, human and rat hepatocytes can survive for several weeks in a serum-free medium. Adult parenchymal cells retained specific functions at...
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Chapter and Conference Paper
Differentiation of Primary Muscle Cells Cultured in a Serum-Free Chemically Defined Medium
Primary chick myoblasts proliferate and undergo differentiation to multinucleated myotubes ‘in vitro’ provided embryo extract and horse or calf serum are present in the culture medium. There is increasing evid...
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Chapter and Conference Paper
Synergistic Interactions of Specific Prostaglandins in Regulating the Rate of Initiation of DNA Synthesis in Swiss 3T3 Cells
Prostaglandins (PG) constitute a family of structurally related molecules with diverse functions. They are produced by various animal cells in response to physiological and pathological changes, as e.g. inflam...
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Chapter and Conference Paper
Multiplication of Adult Rat Hepatocytes in Monolayer Cultures
Hepatocytes isolated from fetal or newborn rats have been shown to multiply in monolayer culture in selective arginine-free medium (1). In contrast, adult rat hepatocytes have been difficult to stimlulate to d...
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Chapter and Conference Paper
Primary and Secondary Cultures of Rabbit Articular Chondrocytes in a Serum-Free Medium
Cell growth and function is partly under the control of hormones and growth factors. Their effect on cartilaginous tissue was studied by develo** a serum free medium in which chondrocytes are able to grow in...
