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Open AccessPIAS1 is a determinant of poor survival and acts as a positive feedback regulator of AR signaling through enhanced AR stabilization in prostate cancer
Novel drugs like Abiraterone or Enzalutamide, which target androgen receptor (AR) signaling to improve androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), have been developed during the past years. However, the application of...
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Article
Long-term biochemical evaluation of the androgen receptor pathway in males with disorders of sex development
Disorders of sex (DSD) development represent a serious condition. Most of the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Disturbances within the androgen receptor (AR) pathway frequently account for 46 XY-DSDs. The...
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Article
Dihydrotestosterone and the concept of 5α-reductase inhibition in human benign prostatic hyperplasia
The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) clearly requires a combination of testicular androgens and the ageing process. Although the role of androgens as the causative factor for human beni...
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Article
Androgen receptor – an update of mechanisms of action in prostate cancer
Androgen receptor (AR), a key nuclear transcription factor in the prostate gland, is expressed in all histological types and stages of prostate cancer. The AR regulates proliferation of prostate cancer cells ...
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Article
Activation of the androgen receptor by polypeptide growth factors and cellular regulators
The polypeptide growth factors insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α); second-messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); protein kin...
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Article
Androgen signal transduction and prostatic carcinoma
In the prostate, androgen action affects the growth of the gland, its morphology, and regulation of protein expression. Endocrine therapy of non-organ-confined tumors is based on the androgen dependence of the...
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Article
Growth-stimulating effect of adrenal androgens on the R3327 Dunning prostatic carcinoma
Adrenal androgens are discussed as a reason for tumor progression after androgen ablation therapy. Because of the difference in the secretion of androgens by the adrenals of humans and rats, there is no reliab...