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Taxonomic Classification of Geminiviruses Based on Pairwise Sequence Comparisons
Geminiviridae is the largest and one of the most diverse families of plant viruses, comprising 14 genera demarcated based on host range, type of...
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Virus-Induced Heritable Gene Editing in Plants
Gene editing using clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) nuclease is an excellent tool for...
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Monitoring the Intracellular Trafficking of Virus-Induced Structures and Intercellular Spread of Viral Infection in Plants Using Endomembrane Trafficking Pathway-Specific Chemical Inhibitor and Organelle-Selective Fluorescence Dye
Infection by positive-strand RNA viruses induces extensive remodeling of the host endomembrane system in favor of viral replication and movement. The...
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Construction of Geminivirus Infectious Clones for Agroinoculation into Plants
The production of geminiviral infectious clones provides a standardized inoculum for use in several host–virus studies. Geminiviruses present either...
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Co-immunoprecipitation Assays to Detect Protein–Protein Interactions
Proteins usually do not function as monomers but rather perform their functions by interacting with themselves or other proteins....
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Plant Expression of Trans-Encapsidated Chimeric Viral Vaccines with Animal RNA Replicons: An Update
In this protocol, we outline how to produce a chimeric viral vaccine in a biosafety level 1 (BSL1) environment. An animal viral vector RNA...
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Trans-Amplifying RNA Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases: A Comparison with Non-Replicating and Self-Amplifying RNA
The recent COVID-19 pandemic as well as other past and recent outbreaks of newly or re-emerging viruses show the urgent need to develop potent new...
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Sequence-Optimized mRNA Vaccines Against Infectious Disease
Develo** effective mRNA vaccines poses certain challenges concerning mRNA stability and ability to induce sufficient immune stimulation and...
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Synthetic Biology to Engineer Bacteriophage Genomes
Recent advances in the synthetic biology field have enabled the development of new molecular biology techniques used to build specialized...
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Rapid Bench to Bedside Therapeutic Bacteriophage Production
It has been over 100 years since bacteriophages (phages) were used as a human therapeutic. Since then, phage production has dramatically evolved....
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Nano/microformulations for Bacteriophage Delivery
Encapsulation methodologies allow the protection of bacteriophages for overcoming critical environmental conditions. Moreover, they improve the...
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A Review of Phage Therapy for Bone and Joint Infections
There is a strong rationale for using phages in patients with bone and joint infections (BJIs). Indeed, specific phages can infect and replicate in...
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Rescue of Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV) from Cloned cDNA
The piscine orthomyxovirus called infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is one of the most important emerging pathogens affecting the salmon industry...
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Reverse Genetics System for Rift Valley Fever Virus
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an important mosquito-borne virus that can cause severe disease manifestations in humans including ocular damage,...
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In Vivo Production of dsRNA Using Bacteriophage ϕ6 in Pseudomonas syringae Cit7 Cells
RNA interference (RNAi), also known as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), is one of the emerging genetic engineering techniques to...
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Identification of Mycoviruses by dsRNA Extraction
Mycoviruses exist in all major groups of fungi. With the continuous development of science and technology, the methods of studying viruses are...
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Bacteria-Based Double-Stranded RNA Production to Develop Cost-Effective RNA Interference Application for Insect Pest Management
Since the discovery of the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism, it has been widely used in the fields of gene function, biomedicine, and crop pest...
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Detection of dsRNA by Acridine Orange Staining
Acridine orange is a nucleic acid binding dye that emits green fluorescence when bound to double-stranded DNA or RNA and red fluorescence when bound...
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Detection of dsRNA with Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique used for detecting and localizing specific nucleic acid sequences in cells or...
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Co-immunoprecipitation-Based Isolation of Double-Stranded RNA-Associated Protein Complexes in Nicotiana benthamiana
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is associated with most viral infections, and is generated in host cells during viral replication. Viral RNA replication...