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Article
Smad3 and Smad4 cooperate with c-Jun/c-Fos to mediate TGF-β-induced transcription
Smad proteins transduce signals for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-related factors1. Smad proteins activated by receptors for TGF-β form complexes with Smad4. These complexes are translocated into the nucle...
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Article
SMAD proteins and mammalian anatomy
Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family, which signal through SMAD proteins, are involved in many developmental processes. Inactivation of the genes encoding two of the SMAD proteins, Smads ...
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Article
Structure and sequence of the mouse bmp6 gene
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Article
Receptor-associated Mad homologues synergize as effectors of the TGF-β response
TRANSFORMING growth factor-β TGF-β is the prototype for a family of extracellular proteins that affect cell proliferation and tissue differentiation1–3. TGF-β-related factors, including BMP-2/4, Dpp and activin, ...
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Article
A WD-domain protein that is associated with and phosphorylated by the type II TGF-β receptor
TRANSFORMING growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototype for a family of extracellular polypeptides that affect cell proliferation and differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis1. TGF-β signalling is mediated by two ...
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Article
Epithelial immaturity and multiorgan failure in mice lacking epidermal growth factor receptor
SINCE the discovery that epidermal growth factor (EGF) can accelerate opening of the eyelids1, the EGF receptor (EGF-R) has been extensively studied and is now considered to be a prototype tyrosine kinase recepto...
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Article
THE ROLE OF TGF-β FAMILY MEMBERS IN MESENCHYMAL DIFFERENTIATION
The TGF-β superfamily is a large family of structurally related dimeric growth and differentiation factors. Depending on the nature of the factor and the cell type, these factors induce changes in cell prolife...
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Chapter
Growth regulation by transforming growth factor-β
The name transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) has come to represent a family of highly homologous polypeptides with a wide range of biological activities. The first member of this gene family was identified ne...
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Chapter
Transforming growth factors-α and -β and their potential roles in neoplastic transformation
Two types of growth factors have been termed transforming growth factors (TGFs) because they were discovered for their ability to elicit cellular transformation when added to an immortalized nonneoplastic cell...
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Article
Production and auto-induction of transforming growth factor-α in human keratinocytes
Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) is a polypeptide which is structurally related to epidermal growth factor (EGF)1,2 and binds to the EGF receptor3,4. TGF-α synthesis occurs in a variety of neoplastic cells5 a...
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Article
Transforming growth factor β gene maps to human chromosome 19 long arm and to mouse chromosome 7
Transforming growth factors (TGF) are defined as biologically active polypeptides which reversibly confer the transformed phenotype onto untransformed cultured cells. They have been subdivided into two classes...
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Chapter
Transforming Growth Factor-α
Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) was first detected in the culture medium of certain retrovirus-transformed cell lines as an activity which binds to the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and thereby ...
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Article
Human transforming growth factor-β complementary DNA sequence and expression in normal and transformed cells
The partial amino-acid sequence of purified human transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was used to identify a series of cDNA clones encoding the protein. The cDNA sequence indicates that the 112-amino acid mon...
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Article
Human transforming growth factor-α causes precocious eyelid opening in newborn mice
Both marine and human epidermal growth factors (EGFs) are known to cause precocious opening of the eyelids in newborn mice1–3. Another set of peptides that are structurally and functionally homologous to murine a...
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Article
Human tumour necrosis factor: precursor structure, expression and homology to lymphotoxin
Human tumour necrosis factor has about 30% homology in its amino acid sequence with lymphotoxin, a lymphokine that has similar biological properties. Recombinant tumour necrosis factor can be obtained by expre...
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Article
Expression of human immune interferon cDNA in E. coli and monkey cells
A cDNA sequence coding for human immune interferon (IFN-γ) has been identified in a cDNA library prepared from gel-fractionated IFN-γ mRNA. The DNA sequence codes for a polypeptide of 166 amino acids, 20 of wh...
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Article
Expression of human fibroblast interferon gene in Escherichia coli
The human fibroblast Interferon gene was inserted in a thermoinducible expression plasmid under control of the phage lambda PL promotor. The primary translation products predicted on the basis of the plasmid cons...
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Article
Isolation and structure of a human fibroblast interferon gene
Chimaeric plasmids containing double-stranded cDNA copies of mRNA induced in human fibroblasts by poly I · C were screened by an RNA selection method. A series of clones to which human fibroblast interferon mR...
