Abstract
Immediate early genes (IEGs) were originally described as a class of genes rapidly and transiently expressed in cells stimulated with growth factors without the requirement for de novo protein synthesis (Cochran et al. 1983). c-Fos (Curran et al. 1987), c-Jun (Angel et al. 1988; Ryseck et al. 1988; Sakai et al. 1989) and other IEGs have been shown to be transcription factors (Chiu et al. 1988; Halzonetis et al. 1988; Sassone-Corsi et al. 1988; Abate et al. 1990; Benbrook and Jones 1990; Macgregor et al. 1990) and are differentially expressed in the central nervous system following specific types of stimulation (Hunt et al. 1987; Williams et al. 1989; Wisden et al. 1990; Cole et al. 1989, Tölle et al. 1994; Morgan and Curran 1992). Indeed, evidence is accumulating to suggest that IEG changes in gene expression within the nervous system signal long term adaptation within particular neural pathways.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abate C, Luk D, Gentz R, Rauscher FJ III, Curran T (1990) Expression and purification of the leucine zipper and DNA-binding domains of Fos and Jun: both Fos and Jun contact DNA directly. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 87: 1032–1036
Abbadie C, Besson JM (1992) c-Fos expression in rat lumbar spinal cord during the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Neurosci 48(4): 985–993
Angel P, Hattori K, Smeal T, Karin M (1988) The jun proto-oncogene is positively autoregulated by its product, Jun/AP-1. Cell 55:875–885
Bading H, Greenberg ME (1991) Stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation by NMD A receptor activation. Science 253:902–904
Bading H, Ginty DD, Greenberg ME (1993) Regulation of gene expression in hippocampal neurons by distinct calcium signalling pathways. Science 260: 181–186
Barres B (1991) Glial ion channels. Curr Opinions in Neurobiol 1:354–359
Bartel DP, Sheng M, Lau LF, Greenberg ME (1989) Growth factors and membrane depolarization activate distinct patterns of early response genes: dissociation of fos and jun induction. Genes and Develop 3:304–313
Benbrook DM, Jones NC (1990) Heterodimer formation between CREB and Jun proteins. Oncogene 5:295–302
Bennett GJ, **e YK (1988) A peripheral neuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain 33:87–108
Bos TJ, Monteclaro FS, Mitsuobu F, Ball AR, Chang CHW, Nishimura T, Vogt PK (1990) Efficient transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts by c-Jun requires structural modification in coding and non-coding sequences. Genes and Develop 4:1677–1687
Bowman CL, Kimelberg HK (1984) Excitatory amino acids directly depolarize rat brain astrocytes in primary culture. Nature 311:656–659
Brennan PA, Hancock D, Keverne EB (1992) The expression of the immediate-early genes c-Fos, Egr-1 and c-Jun in the accessory olfactory bulb during the formation of an olfactory memory in mice. Neurosci 49: 277–284
Burnashev N, Khodorova A, Jonas P, Helm J, Wisden W, Monyer H, Seeburg PH, Sakmann B (1992) Calcium permeable AMPA kainate receptors in fusiform cerebellar glial cells. Science 256:1566–1570
Castellazzi M, Spyrou G, La Vista N, Dangy JP, Piu F, Yaniv M, Brun G (1991) Overexpression of c-jun, jun B or jun D. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:8890–8894
Chiu R, Boyle WJ, Meek J, Smeal T, Hunter T, Karin M (1988) The c-Fos protein interacts with c-Jun/AP-1 to stimulate the transcription of AP-1 responsive genes. Cell 54:541–552
Cochran B H, Reffel AC, Stiles CD (1983) Molecular cloning of gene sequences regulated by platelet-derived growth factor. Cell 33:939–947
Cole AJ, Saffen DW, Baraban JM, Worley PF (1989) Rapid increase of an immediate-early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. Nature 340:474–476
Curran T, Gordon MB, Rubino KL, Sambucetti LC (1987) Isolation and characterization of the c-fos (rat) cDNA and analysis of post-translational modification in vitro. Oncogene 2:79–84
De Felipe C, Hunt SP (1994) The differential control of c-jun expression in regenerating sensory neurons and their associated glial cells. J Neurosci 114:2911–2923
De Felipe C, Jenkins R, O’Shea R, Williams TSC, Hunt SP (1993) The role of immediate-early genes in the regeneration of the central nervous system. Advances in Neurology, Raven Press, New York 263–271
De Groot RP, Kruyt FAE, van der Saag PT, Kruijer W (1990) Ectopic expression of c-jun leads to differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. EMBO J 9(6): 1831–1837
Devor M, Schonfield D, Seltzer Z, Wall PD (1979) Two modes of cutaneous reinnervation following cutaneous nerve injury. J Comp Neurol 185:211–220
Diamond MI, Miner JN, Yoshinaga SK, Yamamoto KR (1990) Transcription factor interactions: selectors of positive or negative regulation from a single DNA element. Science 249:1266–1271
Greenberg ME, Ziff EB, and Greene LE (1986) Stimulation of neuronal acetylcholine receptorinduces rapid gene expression. Science 234:80–83
Halzonetis TD, Georgeopoulos K, Greenberg ME, Leder P (1988) c-jun dimerizes with itself and with c-fos forming complexes of different DNA binding abilities. Cell 55:917–924
Herbert J, Forskling ML, Howes SR, Stacey PM, Shiers HM (1992) Regional expression of c-Fos antigen in the basal forebrain following intraventricular infusions of angiotensin and its modulation by drinking either water or saline. Neurosci 51:867–882
Herdegen T, Brecht S, Mayer B, Leah J, Kummer W, Bravo R, Zimmermann M (1993) Long-lasting expression of Jun and Krox transcription factors and nitric oxide synthase in intrinsic neurons of the rat brain following axotomy. J Neurosci 13(10):4130–4145
Herdegen T, Tolle TR, Bravo R, Zieglgänsberger W (1991) Sequential expression of Jun B, Jun D and Fos B proteins in rat spinal neurons: a cascade of transcriptionl operations during nociception. Neurosci Lett 129:221–224
Hunt SP, Pini A, Evan G (1987) Induction of c-Fos like protein in spinal cord neurons following sensory stimulation. Nature 328:632–634
Hunt SP, Smith G, Bond A, Munglani R, Thomas K, Elliot P (1994) Changes in immediate-early genes, neuropeptide immunoreactivity and other neuronal markers in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in a rat model of neuropathic pain. In: Hokfelt T, Schaible HG, Schmidt R (eds) Neuropeptides, Nociception and Pain. Elsevier, in press
Ip NY, Li Y, Yancopoulos GD, and Lindsay RM (1993) Cultured hippocampal neurons show responses to BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4, but not NGF. J Neurosci 13(8):3394–3405
Jenkins R, Hunt SP (1991) Long term increases in the levels of c-jun mRNA and Jun protein like immunoreactivity in motor and sensory neurons following axon damage. Neurosci Lett 129:107–111
Jenkins R, McMahon SB, Bond AB, Hunt SP (1993c) Expression of c-Jun as a response to dorsal root and peripheral nerve section in damaged and adjacent intact primary sensory neurons in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 5: 751–759
Jenkins R, O’Shea R, Thomas KL, Hunt SP (1993b) c-Jun expression of immediate-early genes in substantia nigra neurons following striatal 6-OHDA lesions in the rat. Neurosci 53:447–457
Jenkins R, Tetzlaff W, Hunt SP (1993a) Differential expression of immediate-early genes in rubrospinal neurons following axotomy in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 5:203–209
Jensen AM, Chiu SY (1990) Fluorescence measurement of changes in intracellular calcium induced by excitatory amino acids in cultured cortical astrocytes. J Neurosci 10:1165–1175
Kajander KC, Wakisaka S, Bennett GJ (1992) Spontaneous discharge originates in the dorsal root ganglion at the onset of a painful peripheral neuropathy in the rat. Neurosci Lett 138:225–228
Kerppola TK, Luk D, Curran T (1993) Fos is a preferential target of glucocorticoid receptor inhibition of AP-1 activity in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 13(6):3782–3791
Kinnmann E, Alskogius H (1986) Colateral sprouting of sensory axons in the glabrous skin of the hind paw after chronic nerve lesion in the adult and neonatal rat: a morphological study. Brain Res 377:73–82
Kornhauser JN, Mayo DE, Takahashi KE, J.S. (1992) Regulation of jun-B messenger RNA and AP-1 activity by light and a circadian clock. Science 255:1581–1584
Kouzarides T, Ziff E (1988) The role of the leucine zipper in the fos-jun interaction. Nature 336:646–651
Leah JD, Herdegen T, Bravo R (1991) Selective expression of Jun proteins following axotomy and axonal transport block in peripheral nerves in the rat; evidence for a role in the regeneration process. Brain Res 566:198–207
Lerea LS, McNamara JO (1993) Ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes activate c-fos transcription by distinct calcium-requiring intracellular signaling pathways. Neuron 10:31–41
Macgregor PF, Abate C, Curran T (1990) Direct cloning of leucine zipper proteins: Jun binds cooperatively to the CRE with CRE-BP1. Oncogene 5: 451–458
Mao J, Price DD, Coghill RC, Mayer DJ, Hayes RL (1992) Spatial patterns of spinal cord [14C]-2-deoxyglucose metabolic activity in a rat model of painful peripheral mononeuropathy. Pain 50:89–100
McGregor GP, Gibson SJ, Sabate IM, Blank MA, Christofedes ND, Wall PD, Polak JM, Bloom SR (1989) Effect of peripheral nerve section and nerve crush on spinal cord neuropeptides in the rat: increased VIP and PHI in the dorsal horn. Neurosci 13:207–216
McNaughton LA, Hunt SP (1992) Regulation of gene expression in astrocytes by excitatory amino acids. Mol Brain Res 16:261–266
Mollander C, Grant G (1986) Laminar distribution and somatotopic organization of primary afferent fibres from hind limb nerves in dorsal horn. A study by transneuronal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Neurosci. 19:297–312
Morgan JI, Curran T (1986) Role of ion flux in the control of c-fos expression. Nature 322:552–555
Morgan JI, Curran T (1991) Stimulus transcription coupling in the nervous system: involvement of the inducible proto oncogenes c-fos and c-jun. Ann Rev Neurobiol 14:421–451
Muller T, Moller T, Berger T, Schnitzer J, Kettenmann H (1992) Calcium channel entry through kainate receptors and resulting potassium channel blockade in Bergmann glial cells. Science 256:1563–1566
Nakanishi S (1992) Molecular diversity of glutamate receptors and implications for brain function. Science 258:597–603
Rusak B, Robertson H, Wisden W, Hunt SP (1990) Light pulses that shift rhythms induce gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Science 248:1237–1240
Ryseck RP, Hirai SI, Yaniv M, Bravo R (1988) Transcriptional activation of c-jun during the G0/G1 transition in mouse fibroblasts. Nature 334:535–537
Sakai M, Okuda A, Hatayama I, Sato K, Nishi S, Muramatsu M (1989) Structure and expression of the rat c-jun messenger RNA: tissue distribution and increase during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res 49:563–567
Sassone-Corsi P, R LJ, Lamph WW, Verma IM (1988) Direct interaction between Fos and Jun nuclear oncoproteins: role of the ’leucine zipper’ domain. Nature 336:692–695
Sleigh MJ (1992) Differentiation and proliferation in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells. BioEssays 14:769–775
Sommervaille T, Reynolds ML, Woolf CJ (1991) Time-dependant differences in the increase in GAP-43 expression in dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral axotomy. Neurosci 45:213–230
Sontheimer H, Kettenmann H, Backus KH, Schachner M (1988) Glutamate opens Na+/K+ channels in cultured astrocytes. Glia 1:328–336
Takeuchi JS, Aronin W, Schwartz NWJ (1993) Compositional changes of AP-1 DNA binding proteins are regulated by light in a mammalian circadian clock. Nature 11:825–836
Tölle TR, Herdegen T, Schadrack J, Bravo R, Zimmermann M, Zieglgänsberger W (1994) Application of morphine prior to noxious stimulation differentially modulates expression of Fos, Jun and Krox-24 proteins in rat spinal cord neurons. Neurosci 58:305–321
Williams TSC, Evan GI, Hunt SP (1990a) Changing patterns of c-fos induction in spinal neurons following thermal cutaneous stimulation in the rat. Neurosci 36:73–81
Williams TSC, Evan GI, Hunt SP (1990b) Spinal c-fos induction by sensory stimulation in neonatal rats. Neurosci Lett 109:309–314
Williams TSC, Evan GI, Hunt SP (1991) C-fos induction in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve lesion. Eur J Neurosci 3:887–894
Williams TSC, Pini A, Evan G, Hunt SP (1989) Molecular events in the spinal cord following sensory stimulation. Processing of sensory information in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. New York, Plenum Press. 273–284
Wisden W, Errington ML, Williams S, Dunnett SB, Waters C, Hitchcock D, Evan G, Bliss TV, Hunt SP (1990) Differential expression of immediate-early genes in the hippocampus and spinal cord. Neuron 4:603–614
Wisden W and Seeburg PH (1993a) Mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 3:291–298
Wisden W and Seeburg PH (1993b) A complex mosaic of high-affmity kainate receptors in rat brain. J Neuroscience 13:3582–3598
Wong WY, Havarstein L, Morgan IM, Vogt PK (1992) c-Jun causes focus formation and anchorage-independant growth in culture but is non-tumorigenic. Oncogene 7:2077–2080
Worley PF, Bhat RV, Baraban JM, Erickson CA, McNaughton BL, Barnes CA (1993) Thresholds for synaptic activation of transcription factors in hippocampus: correlation with long term enhancement. J Neurosci 13: 4776–4786
Wyllie DJ, Mathie A, Symonds CJ, Cull-Candy SG (1991) Activation of glutamate receptors and glutamate uptake in identified macroglial cells in rat cerebellar cultures. J Physiol 432:235–258
Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Satake M, Murakami Y, Sakai M, Muramatsu M, Ito Y (1990) Differentiation of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells induced by c-jun and activated c-Ha-ras oncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:8670–8674
Yang-Yen HF, Chiu R, Karin M (1990) Elevation of API activity during F9 cell differentiation is due to increased c-jun transcription. The New Biologist 2(4):351–361
Young AB, Fagg GE (1990) Excitatory amino acid receptors in the brain: membrane binding and receptor autoradiographic approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:126–133
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Additional information
An invaluable contribution to the work presented here was made by our colleague Simon Williams who died tragically in 1992.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hunt, S.P., McNaughton, L.A., Jenkins, R., Wisden, W. (1995). Immediate-early gene activation as a window on mechanism in the nervous system. In: Tölle, T.R., Schadrack, J., Zieglgänsberger, W. (eds) Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-79564-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-79562-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive