Abstract
Based on the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term Version 3 (ISCST3) model, a simplified modeling approach was developed to predict concentrations of congeners of polychlorinated-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) of agricultural soil, within a radius of 3 km from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) plant after its 4-year operation in Hangzhou, China. Comparisons were made between the measured and estimated congener-specific concentrations and the international-toxic equivalent (I-TEQ) values of soil samples with respect to distance from the stack. The results indicate that the predictions of soil PCDD/F concentrations and I-TEQ values were generally lower than their observations, and that the higher the degree of under-estimation seems, the greater the further downwind one gets. Nevertheless, most of the predictions were in good agreement with the trend of measured ones and were within a factor of ten for samples located within 1 km of the plant. Besides, analysis of contributions of various deposition pathways confirms that in addition to wet particle deposition, the dry gaseous deposition is essential for realistic prediction of PCDD/F depositions to soil, especially for tetra- and penta-chlorinated dioxins.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bao, Z.C., Wang, K., Kang, J., Zhao, L., 1995. Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate. Huan **g Hua Xue, 14(4):317–321 (in Chinese).
Basham, J.P., Whitwell, I., 1999. Dispersion modelling of dioxin releases from the waste incinerator at Avonmouth, Bristol, UK. Atmos. Environ., 33(20):3405–3416. [doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00344-6]
Caserini, S., Cernuschi, S., Giugliano, M., Grosso, M., Lonati, G., Mattaini, P., 2004. Air and soil dioxin levels at three sites in Italy in proximity to MSW incineration plants. Chemosphere, 54(9):1279–1287. [doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00250-9]
Chang, M.B., Chi, K.H., Chang, S.H., Chen, Y.W., 2004. Measurement of PCDD/F congener distributions in MWI stack gas and ambient air in northern Taiwan. Atmos. Environ., 38(16):2535–2544. [doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.037]
Chao, M.R., Hu, C.W., Ma, H.W., Chang-Chien, G.P., Lee, W.J., Chang, L.W., Wu, K.Y., 2003. Size distribution of particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the ambient air of a municipal incinerator. Atmos. Environ., 37(35):4945–4954. [doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.027]
Cheng, P.S., Hsu, M.S., Ma, E., Chou, U., Ling, Y.C., 2003. Levels of PCDD/Fs in ambient air and soil in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator, in Hsinchu. Chemosphere, 52(9):1389–1396. [doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00474-0]
Choi, S.D., Chang, Y.S., 2005. Evaluation of an Industrial Waste Incinerator on the PCDD/Fs Levels by Measured and Modeled Data. Organohalogen Compd., Toronto, p.1180–1182.
Coutinho, M., Pereira, M., Borrego, C., 2007. Monitoring of ambient air PCDD/F levels in Portugal. Chemosphere, 67(9):1715–1721. [doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.084]
Jun, J., Hao, P., Tang, X.Y., 2004. An Inventory of Potential PCDD and PCDF Emission Sources in the Mainland of China. Organohalogen Compd., Berlin, p.852–858.
Lee, S.J., Choi, S.D., **, G.Z., Oh, J.E., Chang, Y.S., Shin, S.K., 2007. Assessment of PCDD/F risk after implementation of emission reduction at a MSWI. Chemosphere, 68(5):856–863. [doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.036]
Lorber, M., Pinsky, P., 2000. An evaluation of three empirical air-to-leaf models for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Chemosphere, 41(6):931–941. [doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00318-5]
Lorber, M., Pinsky, P., Gehring, P., Braverman, C., Winters, D., Sovocool, W., 1998. Relationships between dioxins in soil, air, ash, and emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator emitting large amounts of dioxins. Chemosphere, 37(9–12):2173–2197. [doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00279-3]
Lorber, M., Eschenroeder, A., Robinson, R., 2000. Testing the USA EPA’s ISCST-Version 3 model on Dioxins: a comparison of predicted and observed air and soil concentrations. Atmos. Environ., 34(23):3995–4010. [doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00163-1]
Meneses, M., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L., 2002. A de sign of two simple models to predict PCDD/F concentrations in vegetation and soils. Chemosphere, 46(9–10):1393–1402. [doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00252-1]
Meneses, M., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L., 2004. Health risk assessment of emissions of dioxins and furans from a municipal waste incinerator: comparison with other emission sources. Environ. Int., 30(4):481–489. [doi:10.1016/j.envint.2003.10.001]
NIWA, 2004. Good Practice Guide for Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling. Wellington, New Zealand, p.8–10.
Ogura, I., Masunaga, S., Nakanishi, J., 2003. Analysis of atmospheric behavior of PCDDs/PCDFs by a one-compartment box model. Chemosphere, 53(4):399–412. [doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00012-2]
Oh, J.E., Choi, S.D., Lee, S.J., Chang, Y.S., 2006. Influence of a municipal solid waste incinerator on ambient air and soil PCDD/Fs levels. Chemosphere, 64(4):579–587. [doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.012]
Ohta, S., Kuriyama, O., Aozasa, T., Nakao, M., Tanahashi, H., Miyata, S., 2000. Survey on levels of PCDDs, PCDFs, and Non-Ortho Co-PCBs in soil and sediment from a high cancer area near a batch-type municipal solid waste incinerator in Japan. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 64(5):630–637. [doi:10.1007/s001280000050]
Olie, K., Vermeulen, P.L., Hutzinger, O., 1977. Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans are trace components of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incinerations in the Netherlands. Chemosphere, 6(8):455–459. [doi:10.1016/0045-6535(77)90035-2]
Peng, X.Y., Gu, N.Z., 2006. The present situation and solution of MSW treatment in China. Gong Ye Guo Lu, (3):6–10, 13 (in Chinese).
Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L., 2006. Long-term study of environmental levels of dioxins and furans in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator. Environ. Int., 32(3):397–404. [doi:10.1016/j.envint.2005.09.002]
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1994. Tetra through Octa-chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotype Dilution HRGC/HRMS, p.1–86.
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1995. PCRAMMET User’s Guide, p.1–95.
Yamamoto, T., Fukushima, M., 1993. Modeling study on concentration of combustion source complex to PCDD/PCDF levels in urban air. Chemosphere, 27(1-3):295–300. [doi:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90305-O]
Yan, J.H., Chen, T., Li, X.D., Zhang, J., Lu, S.Y., Ni, M.J., Cen, K.F., 2006. Evaluation of PCDD/Fs emission from fluidized bed incinerators co-firing MSW with coal in China. J. Hazad. Mater., 135(1-3):47–51. [doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.007]
Yan, J.H., Xu, M.X., Lu, S.Y., Li, X.D., Chen, T., Ni, M.J., Dai, H.F., Cen, K.F., 2007. PCDD/F concentrations of agricultural soil in the vicinity of fluidized bed incinerators of co-firing MSW with coal in Hangzhou, China. J. Hazad. Mater. (in Press). [doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.018]
Yoshida, K., Ikeda, S., Nakanishi, J., Tsuzuki, N., 2001. Validation of modeling approach to evaluate congener-specific concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in air and soil near a solid waste incinerator. Chemosphere, 45(8):1209–1217. [doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00587-7]
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Project (Nos. X506312 and X206955) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, Mx., Yan, Jh., Lu, Sy. et al. Application of the ISCST3 model for predicting PCDD/F concentrations in agricultural soil in the vicinity of a MSWI plant in China. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 9, 373–380 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A071420
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A071420
Key words
- Agricultural soil
- Dispersion model
- ISCST3
- Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI)
- polychlorinated-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)