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Pollution levels and probability risk assessment of potential toxic elements in soil of Pb–Zn smelting areas

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Abstract

Soil pollution around Pb–Zn smelters has attracted widespread attention around the world. In this study, we compiled a database of eight potentially toxic elements (PTEs) Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Mn in the soil of Pb–Zn smelting areas by screening the published research papers from 2000 to 2023. The pollution assessment and risk screening of eight PTEs were carried out by geo-accumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (PERI) and health risk assessment model, and Monte Carlo simulation employed to further evaluate the probabilistic health risks. The results suggested that the mean values of the eight PTEs all exceeded the corresponding values in the upper crust, and more than 60% of the study sites had serious Pb and Cd pollution (Igeo > 4), with Brazil, Belgium, China, France and Slovenia having higher levels of pollution than other regions. Besides, PTEs in smelting area caused serious ecological risk (PERI = 10912.12), in which Cd was the main contributor to PREI (86.02%). The average hazard index (HI) of the eight PTEs for adults and children was 7.19 and 9.73, respectively, and the average value of total carcinogenic risk (TCR) was 4.20 × 10–3 and 8.05 × 10–4, respectively. Pb and As are the main contributors to non-carcinogenic risk, while Cu and As are the main contributors to carcinogenic risk. The probability of non-carcinogenic risk in adults and children was 84.05% and 97.57%, while carcinogenic risk was 92.56% and 79.73%, respectively. In summary, there are high ecological and health risks of PTEs in the soil of Pb–Zn smelting areas, and Pb, Cd, As and Cu are the key elements that cause contamination and risk, which need to be paid attention to and controlled. This study is expected to provide guidance for soil remediation in Pb–Zn smelting areas.

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Funding

This work was supported by NSCF Joint Program (No. U21A20320), NSCF Program (No. 22106102), and the special fund of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants (NO. SEPKL-EHIAEC-202203).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Mingyue Li, **yang Zhou, Zhiwen Cheng, Yuanyang Ren, Yawei Liu & Zhemin Shen

  2. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Linling Wang

  3. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China

    Zhemin Shen

  4. Jiyuan Industrial and Urban Integration Demonstration Zone Ecological Environment Bureau, Jiyuan, 459000, China

    Liu Cao

Authors
  1. Mingyue Li
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  2. **yang Zhou
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  3. Zhiwen Cheng
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  4. Yuanyang Ren
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  5. Yawei Liu
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  6. Linling Wang
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  7. Liu Cao
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  8. Zhemin Shen
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Contributions

ML: Writing – original draft, Formal analysis. JZ: Software, Methodology, Formal analysis. ZC: Funding acquisition, Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing. YR: Writing – review & editing. LC: Writing – review & editing. LW: Writing – review & editing. YL: Writing – review & editing. ZS: Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhemin Shen.

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Li, M., Zhou, J., Cheng, Z. et al. Pollution levels and probability risk assessment of potential toxic elements in soil of Pb–Zn smelting areas. Environ Geochem Health 46, 165 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01933-4

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