Background

In agricultural production, pesticides are often applied to control pests and diseases in various plants [1, 2]. However, most pesticides do not remain attached to crops and are eventually released into aquatic environments through runoff, spray drift, and other pathways, resulting in extensive residue accumulation [3]. Additionally, pesticides that contaminate surface water usually contain a mixture of substances rather than an individual compound, and many types of crops are generally intermingled in agricultural areas [4]. This results in detrimental effects on ecosystems and threatens environmental organisms [5]. Present regulatory procedures for prioritization and environmental quality standards mainly focus on individual compounds [40]. The activity of Cu/Zn-SOD was significantly decreased in the moderate and high doses of MIT treatment relative to the baseline value, as well as corresponding PHO and DEL treatments. In contrast, significant increases in Mn-sod and Cu/Zn-sod expressions were discovered under the moderate and high doses of MIT treatment. The discrepancy between the mRNA level and enzyme activity of SOD could be explained as follows: (1) the mRNA level only represented a snapshot of antioxidant enzyme activity, and a time lag impact existed between transcription and translation; and (2) post-translation might regulate the enzymatic activity [52,

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Abbreviations

PHO:

Phoxim

DEL:

Deltamethrin

MIT:

Phoxim + deltamethrin

LC50 :

Median lethal concentration

AI:

Additive index

L:

Low dose

M:

Moderate dose

H:

High dose

MDA:

Malonaldehyde

CAT:

Catalase

T-SOD:

Total superoxide dismutase

Cu/Zn-SOD:

Cu,Zn-Superoxide dismutase

T-GSH:

Total glutathione

GSSG:

Oxidized glutathione

POD:

Peroxidase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

CYP450:

Cytochrome P450

CarE:

Carboxylesterase

GST:

Glutathione-S-transferase

THs:

Thyroid hormones

VTG:

Vitellogenin

T3:

Triiodothyronine

HPT:

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal

HPG:

Hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal

HPA:

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal

IBR:

Integrated biomarker response

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of Shuai Zhang and Yao Zhao (Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences).

Funding

The research was supported by Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program, China (Grant No. 2021, NO. 3-2) and State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products (Grant No. 2021DG700024-KF202106).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China

    Lu Lv, **nju Liu, Qiang Wang, Weifeng Shen & Yanhua Wang

  2. College of Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tian**, 300071, China

    Zhongwen Gao

  3. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bei**g, 100193, China

    Liangang Mao

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  1. Lu Lv
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Contributions

LL: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing-original draft, writing—review and editing. ZG: investigation, data curation. lm: investigation, data curation, writing—review and editing. XL: writing—review and editing, administration, funding acquisition. QW: investigation, resources. WS: conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing-original draft, corresponding. YW: conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing, project administration, funding acquisition, corresponding. All author discussed the results and commented on the articles. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Weifeng Shen or Yanhua Wang.

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Supplementary Information

Additional file 1

: Table S1 Detailed information about the biochemical parameters tested. Table S2 Gene primer sequences in real time quantitative PCR reaction.

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Lv, L., Gao, Z., Mao, L. et al. Insights into the combined toxic impacts of phoxim and deltamethrin on the embryo-larval stage of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Sci Eur 34, 90 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00672-6

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